Selected Retailer in Tesco Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Selected Retailer in Tesco - Case Study Example Its customer data –base includes not only details about its client’s interests, and but also contains of an assorted variety of other food-associate services and non-food services and products and also the life-style and demographic details of its shoppers which include total dollars expended on food products in its stores and the customer response to its product promotion and allied programs. (Shajahan 2006:205). For the first time in the year 2005, Tesco achieved the thirty percent market share in the grocery market in UK.TESCO is the first retailer in UK to report revenues more than  £ 2 billion. This is really astonishing as this means that every  £8 spent by UK shoppers, about  £1 will be spent in Tesco stores. TESCO during 2008/09 recorded net sales of  £ 1.9 billion and its profit during the year touched a new height of  £ 109 million. TESCO online shopping website is the top five most visited retail websites on the global level, and it attracts about 3.3 million visitors on a weekly basis. TESCO is distributing about 12 million catalogues during a year and receives about 475,000 orders per week. It has the most effective distribution system and has about 2000 home delivery vans and offers employment for more than 20000 individuals. (Wade-Gery 2009). Tesco’s online retail sales are on the increase on an annual basis. Total online sales by adult population were just 17% in 2003, which jumped to a whooping figure of 62 percent in 2010. Though, Tesco’s online sale is only 7% of total retail sales of UK, but there is a still bright prospect for growth potential in this sector. (Wade-Gery 2009). TESCO’s online business is not only large but also rapidly developing. Online business adds more revenue to Tesco, and it has a competitive advantage as a multi-channel offers are being made. TESCO online business is of low capital intensity in nature but with high returns. Further, the  the online grocery market presents plenty of growth to Tesco as Tesco has penetrated about 3% of overall online grocery market in UK but only about 6.7% of Tesco’s grocery sales are made through online.

Global Warming Essay Example for Free

Global Warming Essay The global carbon cycle is one of the most important biogeochemical cycles in nature and should be considered with special emphasis because of constantly increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Basically, the term â€Å"global carbon cycle† describes the movement of all forms of carbon, which is the fourth abundant chemical element in our universe and essential for the structure and/or energy production for every living organism, between the atmosphere, oceans, biosphere and geosphere. Two main parts of the carbon cycle can be distinguished, i. e.the geological carbon cycle (with a turnover time in the range of millions of years), and the biological carbon cycle (which operates at time scales ranging between days and thousands of years). In short, in the geological cycle, processes like weathering and erosion are forming carbonates from atmospheric CO2 and water which are reacting with minerals in the earth’s surface and eventually washed the into the oceans where they settle in sediments. The much faster carbon turnover in the biological cycle includes processes like photosynthesis and respiration, both key phenomena of life. 2. A greenhouse gas is a gas in the atmosphere that allows sunlight enter the atmosphere and reach the earth’s surface, but then prevents a certain portion of the reflected radiation (mainly this is the infrared or â€Å"heat† part of the spectrum) to leave the atmosphere towards open space again. Due to this effect, a â€Å"greenhouse† effect, similar to that wanted and used in agricultural greenhouses to grow plants faster and earlier due to warmer temperatures, develops and gradually heats up the atmosphere. This leads to global warming with all the negative effects discussed in the next paragraph. CO2 is both, a naturally occurring and man-made greenhouse gas, that together with other natural (water vapour, methane and nitrous oxide) and man-made substances (e. g. gases used for aerosols and cooling liquids) is responsible for global warming, the man-made amount of atmospheric CO2 however alarmingly rising. 3. â€Å"Global warming† describes the slight, but constant and gradual elevation of our atmosphere’s temperature, especially realized as a man-made effect within the last decades. Although times of global warming have repeatedly occurred on our planet long before humans could contribute (e. g. ice-age and warming periods), the dramatic increase of man-made atmospheric CO2 due to industrialization, excessive agriculture, and transportation leads, due to the previously described greenhouse effect, to a global rise in temperatures. With growing certainty that rise is understood to be responsible for an increasing occurrence of catastrophic events such as changes in weather (storms and hurricanes, heavy rain and snow, desertification), elevation of sea level (flooding), or melting of glaciers and arctic ice shelves. 4. There are diverse causes of global warming including natural processes such as carbon dioxide exhausting from rotting organic matter, atmospheric water vapour or natural gases like methane. However it is more and more agreed that the recent dramatic increase in global warming is mainly caused by a man-made elevation in atmospheric CO2 by transportation, agriculture and industries. Such elevated concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere and all their negative effects (see above) not only cause global warming by direct influence, but also interact with natural processes, altogether outbalancing the global carbon cycle and destabilizing our climate with unpredictable consequences. 5. The Kyoto Protocol has been signed by the United Nations on Dec. 11th 1997 in Kyoto, Japan with the intention to set measures against progressive climate changes. For the first time in history, the participating nations (until today 136 nations signed and ratified the protocol) agree on threshold levels and the reduction of the production of greenhouse gases within the protocol’s validation period from 2005 until 2012. 5. Unfortunately shaming poor. The United States signed the Kyoto protocol when it was initiated, but (together with Australia) never ratified the agreements. However, Australia started to ratify the agreements in the year 2007 after a change in their government, leaving the USA (who under President G. W. Bush shows no intention to ratify the contract in the near future) back in shame alone†¦ 6. Of course YES! The US considers itself as one of the world’s leading nations. Doubtlessly it is one of the world’s leading industrial nations, which is good for wealth and progress, but also implies a big responsibility, since due to its industry the US is also one of the leading producers of CO2. Thus, the US contributes a major part to the worldwide greenhouse effect and therefore to global warming as well. So why does the US not act responsible in terms of environmental issues? Profit and industrial interests are a strong power worldwide and very often refuse sustainable actions and environmental care, but in contrast to the US the other nations who signed the Kyoto Protocol at least start acting responsible. To my opinion it is a shame for the US to ignore alarming facts and signs of global warming and not even try to show some responsibility for our planet and future generations. So, even if the Kyoto Protocol is certainly not the final solution to growing environmental challenges, it is a beginning and can be the start of a sustainable and more responsible human future. However, to allow that beginning, cooperation and good will of all nations, including the US is essential.

Short Story Writers :: Writers Literature Fusco Essays

Short Story Writers "And then I woke up."Thus goes the kind of "trick ending" that every first year writing student is told to avoid, a mark of cheap theatrics and poor craftsmanship.Historically, this kind of ending is often associated with Guy de Maupassant, the prolific French writer of the 19th century, or his 20th century American heir apparent, O. Henry (William S. Porter).In this well researched and at moments insightful book, Richard Fusco argues that Maupassant's bad rap as first and foremost the inventor and disseminator of the "trick ending" is undeserved.What Fusco feels Maupassant does deserve is recognition as perhaps the single most important influence on American short story writers of the late 19th and early 20th century, particularly Ambrose Bierce, Kate Chopin, Henry James, and of course O. Henry.However, even as Fusco's readings of these writers are laudable in their thoroughness (with the exception of his treatment of O. Henry), his overall argument seems finally too dependent on an understanding of "trick ending" which does not make necessary distinctions, and is therefore superficial enough to accommodate nearly any writer one cares to name. Not that Fusco doesn't differentiate between types of trick endings.In fact, he develops his own seven categories of stories--from the simplest (linear) to most complex (sinusoidal)--based on their varying "placement and number of discovery points for the reader."The first two chapters, where Fusco limits himself to a thorough and interesting analysis of narrative structure in Maupassant, are the best of the book.However, in shifting his terms from "trick endings" to "discovery points," Fusco deprives his argument of its specificity and thus its power. To cite one example: Fusco argues that Maupassant and Bierce were similar in that they "favored fictive structures that depended on last-second, ironic reversals in the reader's perception."He then uses this theorized similarity to compare Maupassant's much-anthologized "The Necklace" to the that of Bierce's equally popular "Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge."In analyzing these (and other) stories by the two writers, Fusco uses Poe's "unity of effect" as a synonym for "discovery point" (which is in itself too reductionist a reading of what Poe meant).However, unity of effect for Maupassant in "The Necklace" is utterly dependent on information unavailable to the reader, i.e., that the necklace is paste, and thus the reader's "discovery" depends entirely on an absence, a trick of concealment, as in a "bad" murder mystery.In "Owl Creek," on the other hand, one need only read closely in the section where Peyton first falls from the bridge (and, in reality, dies) to obtain all the informatio n necessary to correctly interpret the rest of the story as an hallucination.

Bruce Dawe Homecoming Essay

Bruce Dawe is a famous and iconic Australian poet; his poems feature his numerous personal experiences and opinions about the futility and brutality of war. Bruce Dawe oft questions the need and validity of war; he talks about the dehumanization and utter brutality the young Australian men face. The poem â€Å"Homecoming† raises the public issue of military dehumanization and the futility of the men who enlist. This poem provokes us as individuals, and as a society to question why. In Bruce Dawe’s â€Å"Homecoming†, he explores personal and public issue of lack of identity and the indiscriminate slaughter of young men in the Vietnam War. Dawe refers to green bodies in â€Å"green plastic bags†, shows the lack of identity and invokes emotions from the reader. The dead soldiers are also being categorized as â€Å"curly heads, kinky-hairs, crew-cuts and balding non-coms†¦Ã¢â‚¬  this categorization further reinforces the idea of dehumanization and lack of identity. This certain technique gives us a detailed insight into the personal and public issues that families and the public would have faced. Another technique used in â€Å"Homecoming† that helps us gain an insight into the personal and public experiences is the use of irony. The title homecoming usually implies a heroic or celebratory return with family and friends. It also invokes a sense of anticipation for the return of a particular individual, however the title is ironic as the â€Å"Homecoming†, is related to the mourning and death of a nameless soldier. Another affective us of irony would be the repetition of the suffix -ing; â€Å"picking†, â€Å"zipping†, â€Å"tagging†, â€Å"giving† and â€Å"bringing†. These words are the actions of the processors; they usually imply life and strength but are used ironically as the processors handle the cold, limp and lifeless bodies. This also gives us an interesting insight into the personal problems families and friends would have to endure. Bruce Dawe explores different personal and public issues within his poems. In â€Å"Homecoming†, he talks about the futility and lack of identity these young  soldiers face. He explores these different personal and public issues through a use of effective techniques such as irony, repetition, imagery, metaphors and rhythm. All of these techniques give us a compelling insight into the personal experiences and public issues of the Vietnam war.

Pet Sounds vs. Rubber Soul

Sha'rron Shelby Cynthia Bartles ENG 104 3/27/13 Essay two Final â€Å"Pet Sounds† vs. â€Å"Rubber Soul† Have you ever heard of the Beach Boys' Pet Sounds and the Beatles' Rubber Soul? If not I recommend that you listen to these albums, especially if you love someone. Speaking of these bands there are many differences and similarities when it comes to the love and the friendship that the artists between these two albums. As you can tell the band members has been through many major things throughout their life.Also you can tell that both of the Beach Boys and The Beatles have been through many situations by the way their music is mixed up and by the way the performed during their concerts. From my point of view, I believe the Pet Sounds album was the best between the two albums because it was excellent. I can personally relate to the Pet Sounds album because I'm pretty much going through the same thing with my relationship. Now don't get me wrong the Rubber Soul album wa s cool but there was a lot of love and affection, and the companionship that was demonstrate throughout the Pet Sounds album that makes me love it so much.Both of the bands have been through plenty of things throughout their lifetime. You can tell that the guys have been going through a cluster of things because of the lyrics and their music choice. Speaking of the albums, in Rubber Soul, â€Å"Michelle†, this song is all about being in love with a girl that is French. The lyrics explain that this man is absolutely in love with this woman and he is doing everything possible to show her that. He just wants to inform her that she has nothing to worry about and that he wants to be her everything.He always tells her that he loves her on the account of her being French and because the only words that she understands in English. This guy has proven that he is in love with this woman when he says: â€Å"I need to, I need to, I need to. I need to make you see,Oh, what you mean to me . Until I do I'm hoping you willKnow what I mean. I love you†¦ † I admire these lyrics because this man is trying his best to prove to this woman that he is really in love and he is going to do whatever it takes to get her to understand. However, I really dislike the beat that was made with this song.The beat and the way there were singing made it seem like there were not interested at all in the girl they were singing about.. But The Beach Boys' took a different route with â€Å"Wouldn’t it be nice† The lyrics says: â€Å"Wouldn't it be nice if we were olderThen we wouldn't have to wait so longAnd wouldn't it be nice to live togetherIn the kind of world where we belongYou know it’s gonna make it that much betterWhen we can say goodnight and stay together† And when I hear these lyrics I think of my own relationship because that is where I'm at in my life.The song has a very nice beat, with the guys singing so lovely and joyful. In this song he explains how he has either a close friend or a girlfriend and wants to make it where they can start living together so they can hold onto one another all day and night, wake up to each other and possibly get married. They don't want to continue talking about living together; they want to make it happen. Both songs have good reasoning of showing they are in love with the person they are communicating with. I personally think both songs are amazing because they speak about real love in my eyes.But I liked the song â€Å"Wouldn’t it be nice† because it really shows a lot of love and affection and I can personally connect with the song. I can personally connect with the song because my boyfriend and I feel the same exact way when it comes to this song. On the Rubber Soul album, there is a song called â€Å"Wait† and it is very beautiful. This man has asked either his friend or girlfriend to wait for him until he had come home again. They have had some ups and downs, like regular couples do and he just wants her to wait for him. If her heart is still broken after all the stuff they been through, then he does not want her to wait for him.But if she can wait, he hopes that she will not move on and just wait for his return. In the song he says: â€Å"It's been a long time, now I'm coming back home. I've been away now, oh, how I've been alone. Wait till I come back to your side,we'll forget the tears we cried. But if your heart breaks don't wait, turn me away. And if your heart's strong, hold on, I won't† I thought it was so wonderful. But it still leaves questions like why did he leave in the first place and where did he go? But I also want to know what made him want to leave knowing that he didn't want to lose her.As the song plays, it sounds very exciting, but I just don't like all of the instruments being used throughout this song. It’s like they were trying too hard to make something of the song. Besides, there is a song called, â€Å"You still believe in me† by the Beach Boys'. In this song a guy is probably not where he needs to be mentally or physically. He has done so much to this girl that she still shows him love and support. He has tried his hardest to be what she wants him to be but cannot help the way that he acts when she is not with him.In the lyrics he says: â€Å"Every time we break up, you bring back your love to me, And after all I've done to you, How can it be† As you can see, he has realized that he has done something very terrible to her a couple times and he is trying to figure out why does she keeps forgiving him and still believes in him. Now the instruments they have decided to use for this song is so perfect and relaxing. I really like how they changed their voice tones throughout the song from a high to low pitch. In both of these songs, you can tell that these guys have women that really love them and want to be with them.Even after all of the tears an heart break, the y still want to continue lovely them so deeply and strong. But the song that I really enjoyed was â€Å"You still believe in me†. I really enjoyed this song because I can kind of relate this song to my relationship. At the beginning of our relationship, he was not mentally ready to settle down but after two months he settled down and was fully committed to me. Also there were a lot of things he didn't believe in his self about but I helped him to start believing in his self because I believed in him.Speaking of both of the bands, they most definitely speak on the love for the woman they are in a relationship with. In the song â€Å"Caroline, No†, by the Beach Boys, the woman told him that she would never change herself and eventually she did. In the song he says, â€Å"Where did you long hair go, Where is the girl I use to know, How could you lose that happy glow Oh, Caroline no†, And by him saying those words, you can tell he is a little upset because she said that she would never change. As I listen to the song, I can feel the pain that he is going through, and know that he is very emotional.While you listen to the beat it’s very smooth and touching. In contrast, the song â€Å"Run for your life† has a very fast beat and it sounds very exciting. I'm surprised at the beat and the way they are singing because you would have thought they would have been very angry or would have had a very hard mean beat instead of a happy one. When he says, â€Å"Well I'd rather see you dead, little girl, Than to be with another man, You better keep your head, little girl, Or I want know where I am†, I feel so sorry for that girl that she even had to go through that tragedy.I couldn't imagine a guy wanting to kill a little girl because she does not want to be with him. But back in the day, I guess those are the type of things that you would have had to expect. But it’s very sad because as we speak, now days many little girls lose the lives because they choose not to be with someone and the person felt like if you didn't want to be with them then they don't want you to be with nobody else. Then they will kill you so that you would not be able to date other people. There is some love in these songs but more of affection.It is crazy how guys think now days about how to be in a relationship and it still happens in today society. Most of all I really adore the song â€Å"Caroline, No† because you can feel that he is upset and he wants the old her back. As a final point, I really enjoyed the â€Å"Pet Sound† album the most because of the adoration, attachment, and friendship that was delineated throughout the album. But I can also say that I enjoyed the â€Å"Rubber Souls† album because some of the lyrics but it was the instruments that were used that I didn't care for.Even though these people had hard times throughout their life as far as the love goes, they still made it and I hope they eve ntually found true love. There were many similarities and differences that were approached throughout these two albums because of the way they expressed their love and care for their woman. But both of the albums were really based on love. So back to the question I ask earlier, have you ever heard of the Beach Boys, â€Å"Pet Sound† album and the Beatles, â€Å"Rubber Soul†? After reading this essay I'm pretty sure you will want to look them up and get to know them especially if you are in love with someone.

scrambled essay essays

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PG Organizational studies

PG Organizational studies Introduction In an effort to evaluate economic aspects and concepts in relation to an organization setting, this term paper focuses on a popular consumer company Proctor and Gamble, (PG), namely, on its organizational structure, employee compensation package, job design and dimension, as well as recommendations made in an effort to improve its operations.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on PG: Organizational studies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Company description Proctor and Gamble, commonly referred to as PG is a giant consumer good producer whose offices are distributed all over the world. What initially was a business partnership of its founders Proctor and Gamble, PG has become what it is today as a result of excellent and aggressive branding. The company has an impressive and extensive product line, which ranges from pet foods, cleaning agents, personal care products and until recently, foods and beverage s, making it one of the largest consumer goods companies in the world. This position has been complemented further upon the acquisitions the company has made overtime in a bid to diversify its product line. This has culminated to the substantial increase in profits. The company restructured its operations from its former global structure to embracing the matrix structure that has resulted into the categorization of the structure to include two Global Business Units with each unit, further divided into Business Segments, namely, beauty segment, grooming segment, health care segment, snacks and pet care segment, fabric care, home care segment, baby care and family home care segment. As a result of embracing this structure, the company sales levels have soared as a result of faster decision making, which is made possible due to the decentralization aspect brought about by the structure. PG has a leading position in many areas of consumer products, making its brand decision desirable to many firms. Good leadership, coupled with a combined team effort from all employees in all PG’s subsidiaries have strengthened its stance in the global arena, enabling the company to survive and thrive in an increasingly competitive global market for over 100 years. This has led to the fact that the company has received numerous honors, such as the Fortune magazine award of the Global Top companies for leaders and also awarded it the fifth place among the most popular companies.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Chief Executive Magazine, PG is the best overall company for leadership development as depicted in its list of the 40 best firms for leaders (Daft, 2010). These achievements have not come easy as hard work and dedication have been the driving forces of the company’s success. Organizational structure An organizational structure , according to Daft (2010) is defined as a diagrammatic and architectural representation of a firm’s processes and procedures. In other words, it refers to an organizational hierarchy of people and how information flows within the organization. Taking due consideration of this definition, Proctor and Gamble has adopted a matrix organizational structure. Being a multinational firm with widespread networks all over the world, the structure is most appropriate for handling global operations. This has seen the firm decentralize its operations, enabling it to open up the regional front in areas it represents by means of appointing regional directors. The directors handle activities from the divisions available in that specific region and reports to the Headquarters. In this case, the firm has needs decentralization so the regional agencies could enjoy a great deal of autonomy in decision making. It has proved beneficial as each market is unique and different from the other one as each serves consumers who are themselves different, hence have different tastes and preferences. In a bid to address this issue and serve their customers effectively by responding to their needs, the matrix structure becomes most appropriate. This is a deviation from the global structure the firm had adopted as part of its global strategy. With this structure, it was characterized by centralized decision making, coordination and control at the level of key functional activities, such as research and development, operations and marketing, thereby seeing agencies receiving directives via direct communication from the Headquarters. This goes, however, against the advancements made possible due to the courtesy of the matrix structure.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on PG: Organizational studies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The matrix structure also makes the global dimension be represented by the executive in cha rge of the worldwide product division while the local dimension is in the hands of the business units in the countries. As part of its marketing strategy, PG has 7 Market Development Organizations (MDOs), responsible for marketing products in the global regions where its presence is felt (Company 2013). Agency problem Lasher (2010) defines an agency problem as a conflict of interest, arising when people (agents) entrusted to look after the interests of others (principals) use the authority or power for their own benefit instead. In this case, the agent’s interest is self-motivated and overrides the one of the principals’, which should not be the case. This problem, also referred to as principal-agent problem, is most prevalent in organizations that offer a great deal of autonomy in decision making, enabling the trustees of the shareholders to take advantage of their position to work activities in their own favor. PG has not avoided this issue as there have been reports of the manifestation of the agency problem in the company. This has taken the form of price fixing, in other words, the establishing of products prices or services, rather than allowing it to be determined naturally through free market forces. PG in collaboration with Unilever, another consumer goods company, established a price fixing cartel in Europe. This led to PG, incurring a fine of $ 456.3 million. This adversely affected the share prices of its stocks, thereby leading to shareholders, losing the value of their stocks as well as affecting the reputation of the company which suffered a great blow. In this case, the directors and managers compromised the shareholders’ interests, by engaging in illegal business for unsustainable high sales levels. Directors, managers and employees of companies are supposed to use their delegated authority to maximize the total financial returns from the business to its owners (Lasher 2010). Therefore, PG acted contrary to its duty in reg ards to its shareholders. The main reason for the occurrence of the problem was due to the urge to create artificial prices that would translate to higher profits for the firm at the expense of the consumer. Upon the exposure of this illegal activity, the firm could suffer immensely as a result of fines imposed on it, as well as loss in investor confidence.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In a bid to correct the above situation, Lasher (2010) proposes the following measures the firm could adopt: Instituting measures, such as tough screening processes. The firm needs to put in place more restrictions that will see the decisions made by individuals scrutinized in order to promote transparency as well as accountability. This will help curb the occurrence of the problem. Introducing watchdog bodies within the firm. These bodies may take the form of committees, such as a financial committee, procurement committee, etc. This form of transparency of operations will instill discipline in employees as they will be wary of being exposed as a result of illegal activities, such as the occurrence of the agency problem. These bodies or committees should be comprised of independent members who do not have vested interests in the firm, as well as individuals of high levels of integrity and professionalism. Introducing incentives for good behavior and punishments for bad behavior. In an effort to award good behavior, the firm could introduce performance-based compensation. This will motivate individuals to work hard in the right way in order to enjoy defined compensation perks. Bad behavior could draw punishments in the form of threats of demotion or even result to firing some concerned individuals. This will make individuals conscious of their activities in order to avoid such eventualities. Job dimension Job dimension generally entails a description of the job in regards to the duties, purpose, responsibilities, scope and working conditions. This clearly identifies the title of the job which an individual can identify himself/herself with (Bailey 2009). PG description of job dimensions is, however, based on a global perspective because of its nature of being a multinational organization which has seen the description of jobs in its portfolio differ with regards to geographical position of the firm. Regional agencies of the firm differ with regards to the oper ations and local conditions in the host countries where they are located. This, consequently, means that the jobs ascribed to individuals working within the global platform prompt the proper organization and design of proper job dimensions that are in line with the demands placed on these agencies. Regions where PGs influence is felt are different and unique from each other. Each of them has different needs that need to be assessed in the determination of appropriate strategies that can be adopted. This also applies to the description of job dimensions. Employees, working in different regions need to have properly defined job descriptions that detail specific duties and purpose, customized in accordance with the demands of the local market which they serve, in a bid to achieve set targets and objectives. PG current design is, therefore, appropriate for its business. Running a global firm is no easy feat as it requires an effective organizational structure and an effective and motiva ted workforce. Employees within the firm have properly defined duties expected of them which create the basis for the evaluation of their performance. As a result, it creates clear and defined tasks which they use to guide their performance. Job design Mathis and Jackson (2010) define job design as the process of putting together various elements of a job in accordance with organizational as well as individual requirements and presenting considerations of health, safety and ergonomics. This leads to the outlining activities to be performed by an individual in accordance with the requirements of a job, while ensuring that a firm’s objectives are being achieved as well as ensuring that the employee is being considered with regards to achievement of personal objectives, while observing the health and safety of the employee. A good job design is important as it enables a firm to determine factors which affect work. In this case, firms are able to identify such factors and act acc ordingly in order to either exploit them to improve the firm’s business, or to downplay them if they have a negative impact on the firm’s performance. These factors are normally concerned with employee working conditions. It also enables to identify what tasks are require to be done, that is, companies require formulation of the firm’s strategic plan that details objectives that the firm strives to achieve, as well as relevant activities or tasks that will help to achieve these objectives as stipulated in the plan. This enables a firm to focus on what it aims at achieving, hence directing resources in an effective way to achieve these goals in the end. A good job design also determines when and how tasks are going be done. Identification of tasks required to be done is not enough as there is a need to determine the appropriate time to undertake them, based on the identified factors, influencing the firm, such as the status of the economy, as well as the methodol ogy adopted to carry out the tasks in a manner that will see the maximum use of resources in an effective way. This in effect enables organizations to make substantial cost savings. It must also be mentioned that despite the identification of tasks required to be performed as well as the appropriate methodology and timing to carry them out, the emphasis with regards to the determination of a job design results to the prioritization of tasks as it is impractical to carry them out all at once. Based on the above advantages that result from the adoption of formulation of a job design, the following are recommendations on how PG can improve its job design strategy (Mathis and Jackson 2010): Allow and encourage employee participation in the job design process because the inclusion of employee input will help their opinions be incorporated in the job design, for instance, they may vary activities proposed, based on their personal needs, work habits and circumstances in the workplace. The company should organize training workshops and seminars that are dedicated to assisting employees know what is expected from them with regards to tasks they are supposed to carry out in order to achieve clarity on how to carry them out. The job design should have good work/rest schedules- This assists employees revamp their energy hence results to employee performance improvement. Compensation package Compensation does not only mean financial benefits accorded to employees but also includes non-financial aspects, such as employee professional development through training or motivating employees. Based on my own personal view, the compensation package can be considered as not perfect since perfection has never been achieved by any firm as employee needs are diverse, and it’s not possible to satisfy all of them. However, although there is still room for improvement, PG has tried to come up with an attractive compensation package that is responsive to changing trends in the ma rket as described below: It offers competitive salaries; It has also a comprehensive flexible benefits program that allows employees to choose health, dental, disability and life insurance benefits that meet their unique needs and circumstances. Retirement plans are funded by the company and provide employees with flexibility in plan, design and investment options. Existence of any Employee Assistance Program gives employees a confidential access to professional counseling to help them deal with any personal or family problems. In order to improve the existing compensation package, the firm could adopt the following recommendations as suggested by Madura (2007), namely: Evaluate their compensation management maturity and identify shortcomings. This will prompt the company to take appropriate steps in an effort to correct the situation, hence assist in achieving an employee satisfaction. Integrate appropriate sources and systems. This will enable the company to integrate existing information sources with compensation and workforce performance. This will enable the company to increase system efficiency that employees can relate with. References Bailey, T (2009). Organizational culture, macro and micro empowerment dimensions. Washington: Joessey Publishers. Company. (2013). Retrieved from https://us.pg.com/ Daft, P (2010). Organizational theory and design. New York: Sage Publishers. Lasher, P (2010). Practical financial management. Boston: Oxford Publishers. Madura, J (2007). Introduction to business. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishers. Mathis, R and Jackson, J (2010). Human resources management. New York: Sage Publishers.

Profile of Serial Killer Derrick Todd Lee

Profile of Serial Killer Derrick Todd Lee Derrick Todd Lee, also known as the Baton Rouge Serial Killer, prowled communities of south Louisiana for years before his capture and eventual conviction in two of at least seven cases of rape and murder of women in 2002 and 2003. Childhood Years Derrick Todd Lee was born on November 5, 1968, in St. Francisville, Louisiana to Samuel Ruth and Florence Lee. Samuel Ruth left Florence soon after Derrick was born. For Florence and the children, having Ruth out of the picture was good. He suffered from mental illness and eventually ended up in a mental institution after being charged with attempted murder of his ex-wife. Florence later married Coleman Barrow who was a responsible man that raised Derrick and his sisters as if they were his own children. Together they taught their children the importance of education and to follow the teachings of the Bible. Lee grew up like many children in small towns around south Louisiana. His neighbors and play pals were mostly from his extended family. His interest in school was limited to playing in the school band. Lee struggled academically, often being outshined by his younger sister who was a year younger than him  but advanced in school faster. His IQ, ranging from below 70 to 75, made it challenging for him to maintain his grades. By the time Lee turned 11 he had been caught peeping into the windows of girls in his neighborhood, something he continued to do as an adult. He also had a liking for torturing dogs and cats. Teenage Years At the age of 13, Lee was arrested for simple burglary. He was already known to the local police because of his voyeurism, but it wasnt until he was 16 that his anger issues got him in real trouble. He pulled a knife on a boy during a fight. Charged with attempted second-degree murder, Lees rap sheet was slowing beginning to fill up. At age 17 Lee was arrested for being a Peeping Tom, but even though he was a high school drop out with multiple complaints and arrests, he managed to stay out of going to a juvenile detention home. Marriage In 1988 Lee met and married Jacqueline Denise Sims and the couple had two children, a boy named after his father Derrick Todd Lee, Jr. and in 1992 a girl, Dorris Lee. Soon after their marriage, Lee pled guilty to unauthorized entry of an inhabited dwelling. Over the next few years, he drifted in and out of two worlds. In one world, he was the responsible father who worked hard at his construction job and took his family on weekend outings. In the other world, he cruised the local bars, dressed in dapper attire and spent time drinking and having extramarital affairs with women. Jacqueline knew about his infidelity, but she was devoted to Lee. She also became used to his being arrested. The times he spent in prison became almost as a welcomed relief compared to the volatile atmosphere he created when he was at home. Money Creates More Problems In 1996 Jacquelines father was killed in a plant explosion and she was awarded a quarter of a million dollars. With the financial boost, Lee was now able to dress better, buy cars, and spend more money on his girlfriend Casandra Green. But the money was spent as quickly as it came in, and by 1999 Lee was back to living off of his earned wages- except now he had another mouth to feed. Casandra had given birth to their son who they named Dedrick Lee in July of the same year. Collette Walker In June 1999, Collette Walker, 36, of St. Francisville, La., filed stalking charges against Lee after he muscled his way into her apartment, trying to convince her that the two should date. She did not know him and managed to ease him out of her apartment. He left her with his phone number and suggested that she give him a call. Days later a friend who lived close to Collette asked her about Lee who she had seen lurking around her apartment. On another occasion, Collette caught him peeping into her window and called the  police. Even with his history of being a Peeping Tom and various other arrests, Lee did very little time for the charges of stalking and unlawful entry. In a plea bargain, Lee pled guilty and received probation. Against the directions of the court he again went looking for Collette, but smartly she had moved. A Lost Opportunity Life was becoming stressful for Lee. The money was gone and finances were tight. He was arguing with Casandra a lot, and in February 2000 the fighting escalated to violence. She started the proceedings to get a protective order prohibiting Lee from getting near her. Three days later he caught up with her in a bar parking lot and violently assaulted her. Casandra pressed charges, and his probation was revoked. He spent the following year in prison until his release in February 2001. He was placed under house arrest and was required to wear monitoring equipment. In May he was found guilty of violating the terms of his parole by removing the equipment. Instead of having his probation revoked, he was given a legal slap on the hand and not returned to prison. Once again the opportunity to remove Derrick Todd Lee from society was lost, a decision that likely haunts those who made it. Third Side of Derrick Todd Lee When Derrick Todd Lee committed his first or last rape and murder of an unsuspecting woman is unknown. What is known is that in 1993 he allegedly attacked two teens who were necking in a parked car. Equipped with a six-foot harvesting tool, he was accused of hacking away at the couple, only stopping and fleeing as another car approached. The couple survived and six years later, the girl, Michelle Chapman, picked Lee out of a lineup as her attacker. Lees raping and killing spree would last another 10 years, with DNA evidence eventually linking him to seven victims who suffered from his vicious attacks. Victims of Derrick Todd Lee April 2, 1993 - A teenaged couple were parked in an isolated area when they were attacked by a large man who hacked at them with a six-foot harvesting tool. Both survived and the girl, Michelle Chapman, identified Derrick Todd Lee as the attacker in a police line-up in 1998. Other victims include: April 18, 1998 - Randi Merrier 28September 24, 2001 - Gina Wilson Green, 41January 14, 2002 - Geralyn DeSoto, 21May 31, 2002 - Charlotte Murray Pace, 21July 9, 2002 - Diane AlexanderJuly 12, 2002 - Pamela Kinamore, 44November 21, 2002 - Dene Colomb, 23March 3, 2003 - Carrie Lynn Yoder Visit the victims of Derrick Todd Lee page for more information about how the victims lived and how they died. Possible Victims August 23, 1992 - Connie Warner of Zachary, LA. was bludgeoned to death with a hammer. Her body was found on Sept. 2, near the Capital Lakes in Baton Rouge, La. So far no evidence has linked Lee to her murder. June 13, 1997 - Eugenie Boisfontaine lived on Stanford Ave., near the Louisiana State University campus when she was murdered. Her body was discovered nine months later under a tire along the edge of Bayou Manchac. There has been no evidence linking Lee to the murder. Too Many Murders and Serial Killers Investigations into the several unsolved murder cases of women in Baton Rouge was going nowhere. There are many reasons why Derrick Todd Lee, who is somewhat mentally challenged, managed to avoid getting caught. Here are just a few: Derrick Todd Lee stayed on the move. In the 10 years it is known that he committed rape and murder, he was also constantly changing jobs, moving to different cities in south Louisiana and doing time in and out of prison. It was not until he focused on areas around LSU and left the bodies of two of his victims at a boat launch at Whiskey Bay that investigators moved from solving murders to looking for a serial killer.Communications among detectives from one city to another were rare and Lee jumped from one parish to another to strike and kill.From 1991 to 2001 there were 53 unsolved murders of women in Baton Rouge. The women came from all different backgrounds and ethnicities, as did the way that they died. The city was on high alert and the government was on the hot seat.In August 2002 the Baton Rouge area Multi-Agency Task Force was formed and communications between parish detectives broadened. But instead of catching a killer, the task force ended up having more murders to solve. For the next two years, 18 more women were found dead and the only leads police had headed them in the wrong direction. What investigators did not know at the time, or did not tell the public is that there were two, maybe three serial killers responsible for many of the murders. Racial Profiling When it came to discovering and capturing Derrick Todd Lee, serial killer profiling did not work. He was black and most serial killers are white males.Most serial killers pick victims of their own race. Lee killed both black and white women.Most serial killers use the method of killing like a signature so that they receive credit for the kill. Lee used different methods. Lee did do one thing that fit the profile of a serial killer- he kept trinkets from his victims. In 2002 a composite sketch of the suspected serial killer was released to the public. The picture was of a white male with a long nose, long face, and long hair. As soon as the picture was released the task force became inundated with phone calls and the investigation became bogged down on following up on tips. It was not until May 23, 2003, the Baton Rouge area Multi-Agency Task Force released a sketch of a man wanted for questioning about attacks on a woman in St. Martin Parish. He was described as a clean-cut, light-skinned black male with short brown hair and brown eyes. It was said that he was probably in his late 20s or early 30s. Finally, the investigation was on track. Around the same time as the new sketch was released, DNA was being collected in parishes where there were unsolved murders of women. At the time Lee was living in West Feliciana Parish and was asked to give a swab. Not only did his criminal history interest investigators, but so did his appearance, which resembled the newly distributed composite sketch. Investigators asked for a rush job on Lees DNA, and they had their answer within a few weeks. Lees DNA matched samples taken from Yoder, Green, Pace, Kinamore, and Colomb. Lee and his family fled Louisiana on the same day that he volunteered his DNA. He was caught in Atlanta and returned to Louisiana a day after his arrest warrant was issued. In August 2004 he was found guilty of murder in the second degree of Geralyn DeSoto and was sentenced to life imprisonment without parole. In October 2004 Lee was found guilty of the rape and murder of Charlotte Murray Pace and was sentenced to death by lethal injection. In 2008, the Louisiana Supreme Court upheld his conviction and the sentence of death. Lee was awaiting execution on death row at the Louisiana State Penitentiary in Angola, Louisiana. At age 47, Derrick Todd Lee was transferred to  the Lane Memorial Hospital in Zachary,  Louisiana,  from death row for emergency treatment and died on January 21, 2016.

Approach to Marketing vs Value Approach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Hills Like White Elephants by Ernest Hemingway Essay - 1

Hills Like White Elephants by Ernest Hemingway - Essay Example Hemingway does not use the crucial word in any part of the story, but the context, dialogues and the behavioral pattern of the two main characters would make it clear that they are planning to travel by train to Madrid to abort their child. The most intriguing aspect of the story is its terse narrative structure that leads the readers slowly to the core of the issue dealt with. The third person narrative serves the functional purpose of describing the mise en scene and filling in the unavoidable details of action. Each word has its weight and significance in the story for the same reason. Moreover, the story makes use of symbolic representations through every image that appears in it. The protagonists have a few drinks in the train station in the Ebro River valley of Spain and speak about the hills in the background, the drinks, their shared life, the abortion and their future. The varying viewpoints of the man and woman regarding the abortion are part cleverly revealed through their conversation and action. Hemingway presents a fragment from the life of the protagonists, but this throws light on the effects of time and space on the quality of their life. They are presumably the representatives of the ‘roaring twenties, who led a hedonistic life after the First World War. The crumbling social valued and family structure have led to a freewheeling life where men and women lived for the moment, and tried to get rid of commitments and responsibilities. The tension felt through the curt dialogue shows how the attitudes to such a life differ drastically between the man and the girl. The man is obviously distracted by the prospective because he is forcing the girl to do it. He forcefully brings the subject during the conversation and says, â€Å"That’s the only thing that bothers us. It’s the only thing that’s made us unhappy†. He neglects the attempt by the girl to bring to his notice that

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 115

Summary - Essay Example Hansberry believed deeply that when humanity had peace within itself, it would enable them reach their full potential and lead to achievement of justice. Peace would lead to achievement of social justice which would mean an end to negative things that have been dominating the society such as corruption, poverty, wars and even maltreatment of particular type of group of people (Lieberman 230). Her approach which indicated she was a black radicalism follower portrayed her passion for her course of peace which she even attempted to use media and theatre to pass across her peace preaching and have to do more before one could even be considered a hero. Her peace activism had roots in politics and art from the way back in the time when she was growing up and hence her work cannot simply be reduced to just activism because she also explored the politics development and philosophy and incorporated them in her peace attempts and activities. She was brought up in a world full of war and atomic bombs to destroy mankind in the heart of World War II and it is therefore understandable why she would support communism and try to broker it as a view of the world that people should indeed follow if they wanted to live in peace during the post-World War II era. Communism in the South was linked to issues or race such as racial pride, black leadership and the anticipation of the black movement. Her idea of peace and social justice was not only supported by communists but non-communists as well who were tired of the cold war and structural violence and just wanted to coexist in peace. Hansberry used her voice and writing skills to openly address the issue of structural violence reminding people that violence, the crimes committed by youth and their youthful delinquency tendencies as well as discrimination and a lack of opportunity all culminated to fueling war and causing more problems for mankind. She attempted to borrow a few courageous acts to

How disasters have an effect on the world at large Essay

How disasters have an effect on the world at large - Essay Example These disasters regardless of how small they may be, also affect adversely both the states’ and people’s economic statuses. Since, their destructive power normally extends to people’s investments besides residential properties, hence impoverishing natives (Donald & Hyndman 97). This is because, in their regions, there may be inadequate facilities meant to compensate them to rebound to their former lives (Donald & Hyndman 99). This is apparent in developing states, where after any disaster’s occurrence; the affected victims do not get any aid meant to regain their former statuses economically. Studies contend that, some of the disasters interfere with ecosystems’ array. This is evident with aquatic life where some species on sensing threats in their environments migrate to other regions. Hence, desert their regions, whereby they create imbalance and head to other environments that may be not conducive for their survival. Consequently, this yields to some species’ extinction because they do not possess the necessary mechanisms meant to survive in their new surroundings. Besides, they also affect climatic patterns that in turn affect humanity severely (Donald & Hyndman 291). Presently, world authorities are mobilizing resources to curb global warming that has emanated from natural disasters besides humanity’s activities contribution to the same. These encompass natural disasters like volcano eruptions, which emit obnoxious gases like HFSs and Cl, which destroy the ozone layer (Donald & Hyndman 196). This affects global climatic patterns besides leading to certain diseases that result from excess exposure to sunlight, for illustration, skin

Forensic Anthropology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Forensic Anthropology - Essay Example Having understood the two, it is then necessary to draw a link between the two or evaluate all the possible relationships between the two. It will also be imperative to reckon that a marriage between the two possible brings forth what is commonly termed as forensic anthropology. This paper seeks to show how biological anthropologist assist with a forensic investigation besides identification of individuals. The paper starts first by understanding what forensic is, then moves on to define anthropology and forensic anthropology then shows how anthropology can aid in forensics. The term forensic refers to the application of scientific knowledge in a bid to solve legal problems and enable the smooth running of legal proceedings (Bartol, 2004: p8). As such, any profession that uses scientific knowledge aids bin forensics and this explains the existence of such terms as forensic anthropology, forensic medicine, forensic science, forensic experts etc. Forensic comes from a Latin word "forensic" which means relating to a forum and forum in this case which according to the ancient Rome was a market place where people congregated to conduct all sorts of business as well as public affairs. As time went on, the term forensic was limited to reference of the courts of law thus entering English use in 1659 with that very meaning. Therefore, forensic refers to law problems or issues which are solved by the application of scientific knowledge. The word anthrop... Human beings and their ancestors are studied in terms of the physical characteristics, social and environmental relations and culture. Main concern of anthropology is the origin of the present homosapien's, ancestors, evolutionary development etc. As such, anthropologists study the skeletons, DNA, tools, etc of the modern man's ancestors to locate the origin of the present day behaviours and culture. Thus, the common questions asked by the anthropologists include but are not limited to: 1 What defines human beings 2 Who are the ancestors of modern human beings 3 What are the human physical traits 4 How do human beings behave 5 Why the differences and variations among the human beings 6 How has the evolutionary past human beings influenced both the culture and social organization These are just but examples of questions asked by anthropologists and have been used to offer a rough estimation of the scope of anthropology. The modern anthropology borrows extensively from both the humanities and natural sciences such as biology and chemistry. The modern anthropologists have specialized in technical subfields which have found wider applications both within and without the scope of anthropology. What is Forensic Anthropology Basically, forensic anthropology is the application of anthropology in forensics. It is simply the marriage between anthropology and forensics. Generally, forensic anthropology is the assessment of the skeletal remains of human beings on behalf of the law enforcers in a bid to establish the identity of the bones (Klepinger, 2006: p3). Anthropology is wide and is divided into linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, archaeology and physical anthropology. Of great help to forensic is the physical

Report on HSBC Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Report on HSBC Experience - Essay Example This position came with the role of ensuring the clients served are fully satisfied in their queries. None of the clients was to have unanswered questions upon visiting the desk occupied. As a result, one of the things needed to in order to perform effectively the role was ensuring that information was on the fingertips. The job’s tasks included helping the clients fill loan forms, opening accounts, offering professional advice as well as guiding the clients through the online transactions. The duties that came with this job included serving clients, selling company products, responding to customers’ phone queries. Besides serving clients at the customer care desk, the position entailed promoting the products by working with a group of salespeople every one weekend per month. Other weekends’ duties involved compiling the sales reports and customer’s comments. Every day there would be a meeting where each officer was expected to give their experiences in th eir respective roles. These duties needed the highest portrayal of professionalism since many of the clients came from high social classes. The duties and tasks demanded discretion and high level of ethics observation because one had to look at the client’s account. The description detailing how the duties were undertaken includes that loan forms had to be filled only by the client but under the direction of the officer. The opening of the account-required the client to fill the blank spaces but confirmed and approved by the officer.

Forensic Anthropology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Forensic Anthropology - Essay Example Having understood the two, it is then necessary to draw a link between the two or evaluate all the possible relationships between the two. It will also be imperative to reckon that a marriage between the two possible brings forth what is commonly termed as forensic anthropology. This paper seeks to show how biological anthropologist assist with a forensic investigation besides identification of individuals. The paper starts first by understanding what forensic is, then moves on to define anthropology and forensic anthropology then shows how anthropology can aid in forensics. The term forensic refers to the application of scientific knowledge in a bid to solve legal problems and enable the smooth running of legal proceedings (Bartol, 2004: p8). As such, any profession that uses scientific knowledge aids bin forensics and this explains the existence of such terms as forensic anthropology, forensic medicine, forensic science, forensic experts etc. Forensic comes from a Latin word "forensic" which means relating to a forum and forum in this case which according to the ancient Rome was a market place where people congregated to conduct all sorts of business as well as public affairs. As time went on, the term forensic was limited to reference of the courts of law thus entering English use in 1659 with that very meaning. Therefore, forensic refers to law problems or issues which are solved by the application of scientific knowledge. The word anthrop... Human beings and their ancestors are studied in terms of the physical characteristics, social and environmental relations and culture. Main concern of anthropology is the origin of the present homosapien's, ancestors, evolutionary development etc. As such, anthropologists study the skeletons, DNA, tools, etc of the modern man's ancestors to locate the origin of the present day behaviours and culture. Thus, the common questions asked by the anthropologists include but are not limited to: 1 What defines human beings 2 Who are the ancestors of modern human beings 3 What are the human physical traits 4 How do human beings behave 5 Why the differences and variations among the human beings 6 How has the evolutionary past human beings influenced both the culture and social organization These are just but examples of questions asked by anthropologists and have been used to offer a rough estimation of the scope of anthropology. The modern anthropology borrows extensively from both the humanities and natural sciences such as biology and chemistry. The modern anthropologists have specialized in technical subfields which have found wider applications both within and without the scope of anthropology. What is Forensic Anthropology Basically, forensic anthropology is the application of anthropology in forensics. It is simply the marriage between anthropology and forensics. Generally, forensic anthropology is the assessment of the skeletal remains of human beings on behalf of the law enforcers in a bid to establish the identity of the bones (Klepinger, 2006: p3). Anthropology is wide and is divided into linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, archaeology and physical anthropology. Of great help to forensic is the physical

PTSD as it relates to military combat Annotated Bibliography

PTSD as it relates to military combat - Annotated Bibliography Example Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 262–266. The purpose of this study was to show the effect of behavioral treatments on quality of life. The method used involved the study of 60 Iranian combats who participated in war between Iran and Iraq. SF-36 questionnaire was used for evaluation. The result was that behavioral interventions of military combats improved quality of life. The study seeks to determine the relationship between war exposure and PTSD among nurses in Gaza. 1130 nurses exposed to war were studied to show if they had PSTD. The results indicated that nurses in Gaza suffered PSTD after exposure to war. The purpose of this study was to find out the obstacles faced by military personnel when faced with mild traumatic brain injury which is a form of PTSD. The method is a literature review of past research. The results indicate that emotional distress are the main symptoms of brain injury disorder. Meziab, O., Kirby, K.A., Williams, B., Yaffe, K., Byers, A.L. and Barnes, E.B. (2014). Prisoner of war status, posttraumatic stress disorder, and dementia in older veterans. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 10, 236-241. This study was carried out to determine whether prisoners of war experienced dementia without experiencing PTSD. The method involved a cohort study of 182,879 veterans of war to show the relationship between the status of prisoners of war and PTSD, and their experience of dimension in the follow-up study. The results showed that the status of prisoners of war and their experience with PTSD lead to higher risk of dementia. The study examined the prevalence of sleep by PTSD victims. PTSD-diagnosed patients were tested using SCID criteria considering non-sleep PTSD symptoms. It was found out that PTSD veterans suffered from poor quality of sleep. Polusny, M.A., Kumpula, M.J., Meis, L.A., Erbes, C.R., Arbisi, P.A., Murdoch, M., Thuras, P., Kehle-Forbes, S.M. and Johnson, A.K. (2014). Gender differences in the effects of deployment-related

Column and Thin Layer Chromatography Essay Example for Free

Column and Thin Layer Chromatography Essay Abstract Spinach extract was separated into fractions containing compounds of similar polarity by column chromatography. Based on solid-liquid phase partitioning, this separation technique exploited the different polarity of the compounds in the spinach extract. Three fractions with different colors were obtained. The extract and its fractions were analyzed using thin layer chromatography (TLC). The TLC results showed that there was one compound (Rf=0. 979) in the first fraction; there were three compounds (Rf1=0.839, Rf2= 0.691, Rf3=0.149) in the second fraction; there was one compound (Rf=0.017) in the third fraction. The separations of compounds which went to the first and third fraction were relatively satisfying, while the second fraction had several kinds of compounds. Introduction Chromatography is the separation of compounds or ions by distribution between two phases—a mobile phase and a stationary phase. The technique is based on the differential absorptivities of the constituents between these two phases, due to different properties of the compounds to be separated and the nature of the two phases involved. If one constituent adheres more to the stationary phase than the mobile one, separation will be achieved. There are several different types of chromatography, such as thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography (GC) and column chromatography. All the chromatographic methods are based on partitioning of molecules between a stationary phase and a mobile phase. In order to measure the amount of partitioning between the two phases, each compound has an unique Partition Coefficient (Kp), which is defined as the ratio of concentrations of the compound between the stationary phase and the mobile phase: Kp=[x]sp/[x]mp. Therefore, if Kp is greater than 1, the substance adheres more to the stationary phase; if Kp is smaller than 1, the substance adheres more to the mobile phase; if the Kp is equal to 1, the probabilities of the substance to adhere to the two phases are roughly the same. The Kp value is depended on a multitude of factors: â€Å"polarity, solubility in the solvent, hydrogen bonding, volatility in the case of gas chromatography.† After the injection, the sample molecules will either stay in the mobile phase or adhere to the stationary phase. When the mobile phase is pushed through the stationary phase by the eluent, the mobile phase, the molecules will move through the column at a rate that depends on their different Kp value. For example, if one constituent is more polar than other and adheres more to the stationary phase when the stationary phase is more polar than the mobile phase, this constituent will lag behind; while the constituent that is less polar and adheres less to the stationary phase will move ahead. In this way, the sample can be separated into fractions containing compounds of similar polarity. The differences among the various types of chromatography are mostly depended on the nature of the two phases involved. Column and thin layer chromatography use solid stationary phase and liquid mobile phase; while GC uses a gas as mobile phase and a liquid as stationary phase. Compared with TLC and column chromatography, GC is a more sophisticated method. Discussion The intent of this experiment was to successfully separate the constituents of spinach extract using column chromatography. The results of the separation were analyzed by TLC to reveal in which fraction the compounds of the mixture were. Since both of the samples of the first fraction and the third had only one developed spot on the TLC plate, the separation of the compounds in the first and third fractions were relatively satisfying. However, there were 3 different compounds reveled for the second fraction. Since the color of the first fraction was yellow and the color of the second and third fractions were green, the major compound in the first fraction should be Carotenes, the yellow-orange pigment; while the major compounds in the second fraction and the third fraction should be Chlorophyll. During the process of column chromatography, the first band gained in the column was very clear and the color was yellow. The second band gained in the column was green and the thickness of t he second band was greater than the first. Also, the green color of the second band varied, and colorless area was observed in the second band. Compared with the first band, the second band showed an unsatisfying separation result. Since there was colorless area and various green colors in the second band, the second fraction must contained several constituents, which was examined by the TLC results—there were 3 developed spots of the second fraction sample on the TLC plate. As for the third fraction, there was no clear band in the column while adding the last eluent. The concentration of the compound in third fraction was relatively small, resulting in a very small Rf value, 0.017. Compared with the spots of the second fraction sample, which had a much clearer spot with similar Rf value, 0.839, the compound in the third fraction must existed in a large amount in the second fraction. In addition, these 2 spots had the same light green color, which can also examine this conclusion. The lower concentration can also due to the unsatisfying spotting. The diameter of the undeveloped spot in the third fraction was larger than the first and second one, because too much solvent was used. Also, multiple times of spotting was needed. Observing the spots color, the clearest spot in the second fraction had a more intense green color, which showed that the compound in this fraction should be Chlorophyll a. While the major compound in the third fraction should be Chlorophyll a, with a lighter color and lower Rf value. The ideal solvent system should result in Rf values ranging from 0.24 to 0.54. However, in this experiment, none of the Rf value was in this range. Therefore, the polarity gradient of the eluents should be narrowed, which can result in more spots in the ideal range. Since there were 3 spots in the second fraction sample, over 4 eluents are needed to give a better separation, assuming the spot with lowest Rf value in the second fraction had the same compound as the spot in the third fraction sample.

Surgical placement in a local hospital

Surgical placement in a local hospital This is a reflective essay based on my own experiences, whilst on my five week surgical placement in a local hospital. The aim of this essay is to explore the use of communication and interpersonal skills in clinical practice. I have chosen this particular incident as I spent a considerable amount of time communicating verbally and non verbally with this particular patient. To protect the identity and maintain confidentiality of the patient I have chosen to discuss, they shall be known as John. This is in accordance with the NMC code of professional conduct (NMC, 2008). To assist me in the process of reflection I am using Gibbs (1988) reflective model. This cycle provides a description of the event, feelings towards the outcome, an evaluation, analysis, conclusion and an action plan. Jasper (2003) suggests that reflection is one of the key ways we can learn from our experiences. There are numerous reasons why reflection is important to nurses. Through reflection we can learn more abo ut our role and the elements that limit our abilities; this allows the opportunity to improve the way we care (Ghaye Lillyman, 2001). John was a 74 year old man admitted onto the ward from the emergency department, two days previous to me starting my first late shift of that week. He had been suffering from retention of urine, and was in considerable pain. My mentor and I were informed during handover that we would be looking after John on this particular shift. We were asked to change the dressing on his right leg. It had become ulcerated due to suffering from a condition known as Peripheral Vascular Disease (Alexander, Fawcett Runciman, 2004). As a result of this disease the patient had undergone amputation of the left leg below the knee some years ago, resulting in him becoming immobilised and requiring the use of a wheelchair. It became clear during the handover that Johns behaviour had become very difficult over the last couple of days. The nurse in charge went on to describe the nature of his behaviour including; that he had thrown items across his room, was constantly pressing his nurse call button, was sho uting all day and he had also refused to have a wash and change his pyjamas. As we left the room where the handover had taken place, my mentor suggested that we should change Johns dressing now, but firstly we should get him washed and changed with my assistance. I knocked on his door and introduced myself as a student nurse. I proceeded to ask John for his consent in order for me to assist him in having a wash and change of clothing (NMC, 2008). John was sat on his bed and appeared to be quite tense. He looked up at me and shouted no, I want to see a doctor and I havent had a cigarette for two days. I explained that I was here to assist in changing the dressing on his leg and to help him to have a wash and change. I moved closer towards his bed and lowered myself to his eye level. I then began to engage in conversation with him by maintaining a soft tone of voice and asking him if he would like a cup of tea after we had finished. His body language softened and he looked up and smil ed, he said I would love one. I smiled back at John, I then repeated the question of assisting him with having a wash and change, whilst maintaining a relaxed posture and eye contact. John gave me his consent and I proceeded to assist him in maintaining his personal hygiene with respect and dignity (NMC, 2008). With Johns co-operation my mentor and I were then able to go on and change the dressing on his leg. Through this learning experience I encountered a combination of feelings towards the situation. From the initial handover, the staff nurse in charge did not paint a positive picture of John. I wondered why this particular patient was so aggressive and demanding and the staff described him as being difficult. I felt anxious, as this was my first placement as a first year student and I did not feel experienced enough to deal with the situation. During my encounter with John it became clear why he would feel so angry and frustrated. I noticed he didnt have a wheelchair in his room, and it became apparent that he was a smoker. He also hadnt been given any nicotine replacement therapy to help him cope with his withdrawal symptoms. When the full extent of Johns situation became clear to me, I felt immense frustration for him. According to the NMC Code of Professional Conduct (2008), nurses should treat patients with respect and maintain their dignity. With John not having a wheelchair, he was confined to his bed and therefore had lost his autonomy. The situation also made me very angry, reflecting back I feel I should have been more assertive and maybe questioned why Johns requests had been ignored by the staff. It was unfortunate that the professional staff had acted the way that they did; overlooking how angry and frustrated John had become and failing to act upon it. The nurses compassion and communication skills seemed to be very much lacking; not listening to his requests and showing no feeling towards him. This breakdown in communication in the nurse patient relationship with john, left him feeling frustrated and not in control of his own wellbeing (Garnham, 2001). At first, I could not see any good points in this situation; however looking back I can see that it did have its positive side, in as much as allowing me to examine myself and to search for my short fallings in relation to the incident. The incident has also given me the opportunity to link theory to practice. The way I communicated with John had a positive outcome for both of us in that his personal hygiene needs were met and I learnt that effective communication is essential in building a trusting bond between the patient and the nurse (Almond Yardley, 2009). The bad points of this experience were that I judged John based on the information I received during the initial handover without having met him first. This could have created a barrier between the patient and I. Accepting a patient as a unique individual and without judgment is very important in the communication process. I have learnt from this experience that as nurses we should respect a patients beliefs and values and we should not let our own beliefs and values affect our decision making in patient care (Rogers, 1957). I also feel that I should have been more assertive when it came to the way John was being treated by the staff. As a first year student I did not feel comfortable questioning the way a professional staff nurse carried out her nursing care. However, from this experience I will question bad practice in future, as the NMC (2008) states that I am personally accountable for my actions and omissions in my practice and that I must always be able to justify my decisions. According to Maxim Bryan (1995 cited in Briggs, 2006), Communication is the process of conveying information between two or more people. Communication is essential in building relationships with patients and gaining trust. In the NHS, the majority of the complaints brought against them were for poor communication from healthcare staff (Pincock, 2004). To highlight how important communication is in the nursing profession, the NMC identified it as being an essential skill and only if a student is competent in this skill can they then go on and register as a nurse (NMC, 2007). In order to communicate with John the situation required the use of interpersonal skills, known as non verbal and verbal communication. Non verbal communication is described by (Dougherty Lister, 2008 p.62) as being information transmitted without speaking. Johns body language indicated that he was tense and anxious, therefore approaching him with empathy ensured that he was being understood and that his participation in communication was valued (Peate Offredy, 2006). Given the history of Johns aggressive outbursts it was necessary to consider the proxemics in the situation. It is recommended that keeping within a distance of 4 to 12 feet away from a person is less intimidating for them (Egan, 2002). In order to engage in conversation with John, Egans (2002) acronym SOLER was used. This is a process of using body language to actively listen to a person. By sitting squarely towards John, having an open posture, leaning in towards him, maintaining eye contact and a relaxed posture, t his in turn encouraged him to relax and feel less intimidated, therefore able to talk more openly (Dougherty Lister, 2008). Verbal communication with John was enhanced by the use of facial expression and paraverbal communication. According to (Delaune Ladner, 2002, p195) Facial expressions give clues that support, contradict or disguise the verbal message, therefore the use of a smile when approaching John indicated warmth and friendliness. This was assisted further by the use of paracommunication; these are the cues that accompany verbal language. These include tone, pitch, speed and volume of the person speaking; therefore communicating with John using a soft tone of voice added further meaning to the spoken words (Delaune Ladner, 2002). The barriers in communication during this incident were Johns aggressiveness. This could have been due to the withdrawal from cigarettes, as according to Bruce (2008) irritability is a symptom of nicotine withdrawal. If a patient is unable to smoke in hospital then nicotine replacement therapy should be introduced and the patient should be treated like any other dependant. Bruce (2008) states that Withdrawal from nicotine needs to be recognised and treated appropriately in the acute hospital; it will often be the ward nurses who are relied upon to recognise the symptoms. These symptoms were overlooked by the staff and to add to his frustration he had no means of mobility in order to allow him to leave the ward for a cigarette. This may account for his outbursts of anger. Peplau (2004) suggests that when there is an obstacle or obstruction preventing a person from achieving their goals this may lead to frustration which in turn often leads to anger. Using Gibbss reflective cycle has assisted me in analysing the situation and to put things into perspective, recognising how I can put this learning experience to positive use in my future practice as a nursing professional. If this situation were to arise again I know I would now have the courage to question the nurses attitude at an earlier stage pointing out that bad practice by anyone is not acceptable. From this experience I have learnt that I need to be more assertive and if I feel the needs of a patient are not being met, my first consideration should be to protect the interests and safety of patients, in line with the NMC (2008) Code of Professional Conduct. This reflection has highlighted the need to increase my knowledge and understanding of the process of communicating with patients from different cultural backgrounds, I will address these issues by, listening and learning from the qualified staff and by reading relevant literature. In conclusion it can be seen that the nurse has a very important role in communicating with patients throughout their treatment. When a patient is admitted to hospital, assessments should be made based on the activities of daily living, (Roper, Logan Tierney, 2000). Johns assessment not only should have identified the level of care required, it should also have established his normal routine and the fact that he was a smoker and also required a wheelchair for mobility. If Johns needs had been assessed correctly the breakdown in the relationship between John and the professional staff could have been prevented. Overall, through this reflection I have learnt that communication is an essential skill that requires as much practice and consideration as any other aspect of nursing. References Alexander, M., Fawcett, N. Runciman. P, (1994) Nursing Practice Hospital and Home The Adult London: Churchill Livingstone. Almond, P. Yardley, J. (2009) An Introduction to Communication. Chapter 1 IN Childs, L., Coles, L., Marjoram, B. (Eds.) (2009) Essential Skills Clusters for Nurses Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Briggs, D. (2005) Communication and Interpersonal Skills in Nursing. Chapter 4 IN Peate, I. (2005) Compendium of Clinical Skills for Student Nurses London: John Wiley Sons Ltd. Bruce, G. (2008) Smoking Cessation in Hospital London: Nursing Times. [Online] last accessed 18th November 2009 at http://www.nursingtimes.net/nursing-practice-clinical-research/smoking-cessation-in-hospital/1646376.article. Delaune, S. Ladner, P. (2002) Fundamentals of Nursing: Standards Practice (2nd Edition) Albany: NY Thomson Delmar Learning. Dougherty, L. Lister, S. (2008) The Royal Marsden Manual of Clinical Nursing Procedures (7th Edition) Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Egan, G. (2002) The Skilled Helper: A problem management approach to helping (7th Edition) California: Brooks / Cole. Garnham, P. (2001) Understanding and dealing with anger, aggression Nursing Standard Vol. 16, No. 6, pp 37-42. Ghaye, T. Lillyman, S. (2001) Reflection: Principles and Practice for Healthcare Professionals. Wiltshire: Mark Allen Publishing ltd. Gibbs, G. (1988) Learning by Doing: A Guide to Learning and Teaching Methods Oxford: Further Education Unit, Oxford Polytechnic. Jasper, M. (2003) Foundations in Nursing and Health Care: Beginning Reflective Practice Oxford: Nelson Thornes. Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2007) Essential Skills Cluster for Pre- Registration Nursing Programmes. Annex 2 to NMC Circular 07/2007, [Online] Last accessed 1st December 2009 at http://www.nmc-uk.org/aFrameDisplay.aspx?DocumentID=2690. Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2008) The NMC Code of Professional Conduct: Standards for Conduct, Performance and Ethics London: NMC. Peate, I. Offredy, M. (2006) Becoming a Nurse in the 21st Century Chichester: John Wiley Sons Ltd. Peplau, H.E. (2004) Interpersonal Relations in Nursing New York: Springer Publishing Company. Pincock, S. (2004) Poor communication lies at the heart of NHS complaints, says ombudsman British Medical Journal January Vol. 328, No. 7430, p10. Rogers, C. R. (1957) The Necessary and Sufficient Conditions of Theraputic Personality Change Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology Vol. 60, No. 6, pp 827-832. Roper, N., Logan, W. Tierney, A. J. (2000) The Roper Logan and Tierney Model of Nursing London: Churchill Livingstone.

Purple Hibiscus by Chidimanmanda Ngozi Adichie Essay -- nigeria, violen

Chidimanmanda Ngozi Adichie is a Nigerian author, her first ever novel Purple Hibiscus was criticised for addressing the important issues of postcolonial studies such as violence against women and brutal feminism. Alice Walker is an American author as well as a poet, her bestselling novel The Colour Purple was firmly criticised on showing the severity of feminist injustice Feminism is a movement defining the equality and rights for women. Feminism opens potential meaning in these novels as it creates a gateway for the females who are victimised to speak up and to portray their feelings and situations which arise in the novels for the women to vindicate themselves and earn their freedom from the men that surround them. Points such as male domination, marital status and infidelity, the occupations of a woman and redemption and empowerment will help to convey the important meanings through female criticisms in the novels. Walker’s novel The Colour Purple deals with male dominance as a norm in the country. She exposes the act of sexual aggression as being the main form of male domination. The character of Celie is a perfect example of this point. She is shown in the novel as a weak. She does everything the men surrounding her tell her to do therefore she is taken advantage of many times. She deals with bullying and domination in her family, her Pa rapes her twice when she is only fourteen years old. Alphonso beats and rapes her then later on decides to sell her to Mr._ without any acknowledgement of Celie’s feelings. Celie deals with rape with her husband also who sees her as an object to take care of their household and please him. Celie is too afraid to stand up for herself as she thinks fighting back will be the death of her.... ...2003, Purple Hibiscus, Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Walker AW, 2004, The Colour Purple, Phoenix an imprint of Orion Books Ltd, Orion House, London. Websites: http://279askt.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/feminist-analysis.html cited 19/11/2013 http://www.litnotes.co.uk/color.htm cited 19/11/2013 http://www.gradesaver.com/the-color-purple/study-guide/major-themes/ cited 5/12/2013 http://phsapenglish.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=summerreading&action=display&thread=61 cited 5/12/2013 https://blogs.stockton.edu/postcolonialstudies/purple-hibiscus-a-feminist-reading/ cited 19/11/2013 https://blogs.stockton.edu/postcolonialstudies/purple-hibiscus-a-feminist-reading/aunty-ifeoma-and-beatrice-diverging-paradigms-of-postcolonial-feminism/ cited 22/11/2013 http://afrrevjo.net/journals/multidiscipline/Vol_5_num_3_art_20_Fwangyil.pdf cited 5/12/2013

Confidentiality and Informed Consent

In the article by Martindale, Chambers, and Thompson, we learn that Informed consent and confidentiality. A person should be informed of their right to confidentiality and the treatment they are consenting to in the therapeutic relationship. This study Is significantly Important because we are shown that there has been not very much previous research done on how well we manage consent, how Informed the patient Is, how honest they are, and what they actually know about the policies of the provider. Professionals in many settings create and utilize very ifferent techniques of informed consent and confidentiality.In professions where professionals constantly see people who are troubled. who see the everlasting devastation of grief, pain, and the disparities of people in situations that they cant change, it can be very taxing and wearing on even the most seasoned professional person, but do we actually communicate well to the patient that they have rights? In the article, we see that so many patients are so desperate to receive care that they Instantly Just â€Å"sign papers† so that the can see the psychologist.If a patient Is that esperate, how do we know that mental health professionals are performing to their maximum standards of Informing the patient about their care standards and things like who has the appropriate access to their medical information? We, as counseling psychology graduate students and professionals alike, have a strong moral and ethical responsibility to ourselves, our colleagues. and our clients to make sure that we provide appropriate documentation, informing the patients clearly of their rights and responsibilities, so that we do not potentially negatively affect the lives of other eople.In the article by Martindale, Chambers, and Thompson, In the four themes that emerge, â€Å"being referred; the participant's feelings, mental health difficulties, and their Impact; relationships with workers and carers; and autonomy (Martindale et al, p. 355)†, we see that many clients have concerns about continuing care. I think the most difficult and problematic Issue to handle there Is the patient's mental health and stability. In chapter 5 of the textbook, the ACA Code of Ethics, Section 8. 5. on informed consent states: â€Å"Responsibility to Clients.When counseling minor clients or adult clients who lack the capacity to give voluntary, Informed consent, counselors protect he confidentiality of information received in the counseling relationship as specified by federal and state laws, written policies, and applicable ethical standards. (Welfel, 2012, p. 142)†. It is the professional responsibility of the provider to be aware that the client has good mental standing to be able to know their rights. However, how dowe know upon first seeing the client that they are In a good mental standing to be completely informed? This puts providers in a tough situation.What happens to the clients they counsel who never k now of their consent rights and their confidentiality? How can we test for that if it we have no idea if the client is being honest with us? How do we know the frequency of occurrence? How do we know It Is not happening all the time? That Is why It is absolutely imperative to have open and t Of2 nonest communlcatlons wlt n tne cllent as oTten as posslDle. As graduate students, It is important for us to foster a supportive working relationship with our advisor, so hat we are absolutely sure the client is informed about what comes next in their therapy process.What if clients are too scared to ask how many sessions they have left? What if they are a â€Å"yes† person and can't say no to more or less treatment options? What if they have concerns but are too scared to ask about what is upcoming? I have personally seen a therapist who, after every session, had me fill out a questionnaire about my ability to see things clearly in the session; if I understood what my objectives were , if I understood her clearly, and if there was anything I was ersonally hesitant to share or anything that bothered me about our last session.This was extremely problematic for me because I always answered â€Å"no problems with last session† for fear that I would disappoint my provider or that she would then bring up the issue that I had experienced a problem with. I always felt uncomfortable, but continued to answer the questionnaires and continue care anyway because I needed it. In Martindale, Chambers, and Thompson's article, there are some limitations to the study. Primarily collected data were from mainly white omen.There seemed to be no measure of marginalized communities, under represented populations, or any data from the people who seem to struggle the most: people needing critical care. How would ethnic minorities respond to a provider who may not understand their cultural differences? How do we make sure those people are being informed appropriately? What about m arginalized communities who are in crisis and need care? How do we handle special situations appropriately? What about people who can't consent to appropriate care guidelines?

3 Basic Beliefs and Integrity Walmart Essay

Walmart was founded on three basic beliefs: service to our customers, respect for the individual and striving for excellence. Our adherence to these principles has created a unique work culture at Walmart. No matter where you go — to any of our stores and offices in any of our brands around the world — our associates live these values. * Service to our customers * Respect for the individual * Striving for excellence A Foundation of Integrity Our basic beliefs are built on a foundation of integrity — our values of honesty, fairness and objectivity guide how we apply these beliefs to the workplace. In other words, we strive to: * Be honest by telling the truth and keeping our word. * Be fair by using our business influence appropriately and creating an open environment for raising questions and concerns. * Be objective by making decisions based on Walmart’s interests, rather than personal interests, and by avoiding even the appearance of impropriety. 1. Service to Our Customers Every associate — from our CEO to our hourly associates in local stores — is reminded daily that our customers are why we’re here. We do our best every day to provide the greatest possible level of service to everyone we come in contact with. But what do we mean by service to our customers? * We serve our customers by making them our first priority. * We support our associates so they can best serve our customers. * We give to the local community in ways that connect to our customers. 2. Respect for the Individual From Walmart’s earliest days as a small discount store, we have emphasized the importance of respect for every associate, every customer and every member of the community. But how do we show respect for the individual? * We value and recognize the contributions of every associate. * We own what we do with a sense of urgency, and empower each other to do the same. * We communicate by listening to all associates and sharing ideas and information. 3. Striving for Excellence The key to our success is constantly looking for ways to improve ourselves and improve our business. We strive to lead not just our industry, but also each other to the next level of success. But how do we strive for excellence? * We innovate by trying new ways of doing things and improving every day. * We model a positive example as we pursue high expectations. * We work as a team by helping each other and asking for help. Business Model Value proposition Walmart’s value proposition is based on offering Everyday Low Price (EDLP). This is the core of Walmart’s Business Model, and the rest of the key features of Walmart’s Business Model are aligned to keep the everyday low price. This proposition implies that the customers do not need to wait for sales to have the best deal possible (Manning et al., 1998). Besides, not only the sells convenience is associated by providing the wide range of products and services to choose from, but also with one-stop is possible to make all the shopping needed, from groceries to pharmacy (Basker, 2007). Walmart’ customers save time and money. Distribution channel To deliver its value proposition Walmart communicates with and reaches its customer segments with its distribution channels which are owned and direct, and brings higher margin. Walmart also is corresponding with its customers mainly through mass media and other ways which have a low cost, such as internet. Customer relationships & Customer segment Walmart establishes a customer relationship is based on self-service and automated and towards co-creation of some products once it is possible. Walmart tends to reach to the mass market toward mass customisation. Walmart’s customers can be divided into three groups: â€Å"brand aspirations†, people with low incomes who are obsessed with brand; â€Å"price-sensitive effluents† wealthier shoppers who love deals; and finally â€Å"value-price shoppers† who like low prices and cannot afford much more (Barbaro, 2007). Key activities The key activities which are needed to run Walmart’s business model are: ï‚ · Purchasing goods ï‚ · Their delivery ï‚ · Total cost control Other activities would be to create products that will cover needs of a specific customer segment and to control the brand, which has been developing lately. Walmart’s technological edge is in its inventory control, logistics, and distribution (Basker, 2007). The ability to move products place to place quickly and efficiently keeps the costs down as well as the time system in combination with logistics force permits Walmart to have accurate time information of the products in the stores shelves that allows restocking automatically (Tierney, 2004). In addition the logistics involves the suppliers and workforce of 85000 employees, 147 far reaching distribution centers, transportation offices, more than 100.000 tractors and trailers and 8.000 drivers (Walmart logistics facts sheet). Key resources The key resources of Walmart classified in 3 categories. First, the physical resources which are owned by it like stores and logistics. Second its human resources, experienced managers and stores managers, and finally the company culture. Walmart culture is based on restless effort at constant self-improvement, discipline and loyalty (Fishman, 2006). Key partnership Key partnership is a strong buyer-supplier relationship in which suppliers were considered as close partners of Walmart. They also are part of the value chain of each other and it provides suppliers the chance of accessing to a large market. However it made suppliers, who wish to take advantages of its broad market, to keep their prices and costs low and therefore, suppliers give the control of their own business and negotiation advantage to Walmart (Parnell and Lester, 2008). Walmart also creates economies of scale that optimizes its cost structure. Revenue stream Walmart Revenue Streams that generated from its customer segments are basically come from retail sale, such as music downloading with fixed menu pricing. Walmart also drive revenue from selling its own brand, produces by others to cover a segment not cover by other suppliers. Moreover, it takes advantage of selling goods before paying to its suppliers. Cost structure The Cost structure is cost-driven model since it is focused on minimizing costs wherever it is possible and it is characterized by economies of scale. The expansion of Walmart allowed it to benefit from economies of scale and reducing its cost besides its technology let it to grow and caused to lower its costs; hence, economies of scale at both the chain levels and stores strengthen Walmart’s advantage, rather than being its root cause (Basker, 2007). Walmart’s financial discipline is well known as well as their tendency to pass operating costs to suppliers.