Forensic Anthropology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Forensic Anthropology - Essay Example Having understood the two, it is then necessary to draw a link between the two or evaluate all the possible relationships between the two. It will also be imperative to reckon that a marriage between the two possible brings forth what is commonly termed as forensic anthropology. This paper seeks to show how biological anthropologist assist with a forensic investigation besides identification of individuals. The paper starts first by understanding what forensic is, then moves on to define anthropology and forensic anthropology then shows how anthropology can aid in forensics. The term forensic refers to the application of scientific knowledge in a bid to solve legal problems and enable the smooth running of legal proceedings (Bartol, 2004: p8). As such, any profession that uses scientific knowledge aids bin forensics and this explains the existence of such terms as forensic anthropology, forensic medicine, forensic science, forensic experts etc. Forensic comes from a Latin word "forensic" which means relating to a forum and forum in this case which according to the ancient Rome was a market place where people congregated to conduct all sorts of business as well as public affairs. As time went on, the term forensic was limited to reference of the courts of law thus entering English use in 1659 with that very meaning. Therefore, forensic refers to law problems or issues which are solved by the application of scientific knowledge. The word anthrop... Human beings and their ancestors are studied in terms of the physical characteristics, social and environmental relations and culture. Main concern of anthropology is the origin of the present homosapien's, ancestors, evolutionary development etc. As such, anthropologists study the skeletons, DNA, tools, etc of the modern man's ancestors to locate the origin of the present day behaviours and culture. Thus, the common questions asked by the anthropologists include but are not limited to: 1 What defines human beings 2 Who are the ancestors of modern human beings 3 What are the human physical traits 4 How do human beings behave 5 Why the differences and variations among the human beings 6 How has the evolutionary past human beings influenced both the culture and social organization These are just but examples of questions asked by anthropologists and have been used to offer a rough estimation of the scope of anthropology. The modern anthropology borrows extensively from both the humanities and natural sciences such as biology and chemistry. The modern anthropologists have specialized in technical subfields which have found wider applications both within and without the scope of anthropology. What is Forensic Anthropology Basically, forensic anthropology is the application of anthropology in forensics. It is simply the marriage between anthropology and forensics. Generally, forensic anthropology is the assessment of the skeletal remains of human beings on behalf of the law enforcers in a bid to establish the identity of the bones (Klepinger, 2006: p3). Anthropology is wide and is divided into linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, archaeology and physical anthropology. Of great help to forensic is the physical

PTSD as it relates to military combat Annotated Bibliography

PTSD as it relates to military combat - Annotated Bibliography Example Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 262–266. The purpose of this study was to show the effect of behavioral treatments on quality of life. The method used involved the study of 60 Iranian combats who participated in war between Iran and Iraq. SF-36 questionnaire was used for evaluation. The result was that behavioral interventions of military combats improved quality of life. The study seeks to determine the relationship between war exposure and PTSD among nurses in Gaza. 1130 nurses exposed to war were studied to show if they had PSTD. The results indicated that nurses in Gaza suffered PSTD after exposure to war. The purpose of this study was to find out the obstacles faced by military personnel when faced with mild traumatic brain injury which is a form of PTSD. The method is a literature review of past research. The results indicate that emotional distress are the main symptoms of brain injury disorder. Meziab, O., Kirby, K.A., Williams, B., Yaffe, K., Byers, A.L. and Barnes, E.B. (2014). Prisoner of war status, posttraumatic stress disorder, and dementia in older veterans. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 10, 236-241. This study was carried out to determine whether prisoners of war experienced dementia without experiencing PTSD. The method involved a cohort study of 182,879 veterans of war to show the relationship between the status of prisoners of war and PTSD, and their experience of dimension in the follow-up study. The results showed that the status of prisoners of war and their experience with PTSD lead to higher risk of dementia. The study examined the prevalence of sleep by PTSD victims. PTSD-diagnosed patients were tested using SCID criteria considering non-sleep PTSD symptoms. It was found out that PTSD veterans suffered from poor quality of sleep. Polusny, M.A., Kumpula, M.J., Meis, L.A., Erbes, C.R., Arbisi, P.A., Murdoch, M., Thuras, P., Kehle-Forbes, S.M. and Johnson, A.K. (2014). Gender differences in the effects of deployment-related

Column and Thin Layer Chromatography Essay Example for Free

Column and Thin Layer Chromatography Essay Abstract Spinach extract was separated into fractions containing compounds of similar polarity by column chromatography. Based on solid-liquid phase partitioning, this separation technique exploited the different polarity of the compounds in the spinach extract. Three fractions with different colors were obtained. The extract and its fractions were analyzed using thin layer chromatography (TLC). The TLC results showed that there was one compound (Rf=0. 979) in the first fraction; there were three compounds (Rf1=0.839, Rf2= 0.691, Rf3=0.149) in the second fraction; there was one compound (Rf=0.017) in the third fraction. The separations of compounds which went to the first and third fraction were relatively satisfying, while the second fraction had several kinds of compounds. Introduction Chromatography is the separation of compounds or ions by distribution between two phases—a mobile phase and a stationary phase. The technique is based on the differential absorptivities of the constituents between these two phases, due to different properties of the compounds to be separated and the nature of the two phases involved. If one constituent adheres more to the stationary phase than the mobile one, separation will be achieved. There are several different types of chromatography, such as thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography (GC) and column chromatography. All the chromatographic methods are based on partitioning of molecules between a stationary phase and a mobile phase. In order to measure the amount of partitioning between the two phases, each compound has an unique Partition Coefficient (Kp), which is defined as the ratio of concentrations of the compound between the stationary phase and the mobile phase: Kp=[x]sp/[x]mp. Therefore, if Kp is greater than 1, the substance adheres more to the stationary phase; if Kp is smaller than 1, the substance adheres more to the mobile phase; if the Kp is equal to 1, the probabilities of the substance to adhere to the two phases are roughly the same. The Kp value is depended on a multitude of factors: â€Å"polarity, solubility in the solvent, hydrogen bonding, volatility in the case of gas chromatography.† After the injection, the sample molecules will either stay in the mobile phase or adhere to the stationary phase. When the mobile phase is pushed through the stationary phase by the eluent, the mobile phase, the molecules will move through the column at a rate that depends on their different Kp value. For example, if one constituent is more polar than other and adheres more to the stationary phase when the stationary phase is more polar than the mobile phase, this constituent will lag behind; while the constituent that is less polar and adheres less to the stationary phase will move ahead. In this way, the sample can be separated into fractions containing compounds of similar polarity. The differences among the various types of chromatography are mostly depended on the nature of the two phases involved. Column and thin layer chromatography use solid stationary phase and liquid mobile phase; while GC uses a gas as mobile phase and a liquid as stationary phase. Compared with TLC and column chromatography, GC is a more sophisticated method. Discussion The intent of this experiment was to successfully separate the constituents of spinach extract using column chromatography. The results of the separation were analyzed by TLC to reveal in which fraction the compounds of the mixture were. Since both of the samples of the first fraction and the third had only one developed spot on the TLC plate, the separation of the compounds in the first and third fractions were relatively satisfying. However, there were 3 different compounds reveled for the second fraction. Since the color of the first fraction was yellow and the color of the second and third fractions were green, the major compound in the first fraction should be Carotenes, the yellow-orange pigment; while the major compounds in the second fraction and the third fraction should be Chlorophyll. During the process of column chromatography, the first band gained in the column was very clear and the color was yellow. The second band gained in the column was green and the thickness of t he second band was greater than the first. Also, the green color of the second band varied, and colorless area was observed in the second band. Compared with the first band, the second band showed an unsatisfying separation result. Since there was colorless area and various green colors in the second band, the second fraction must contained several constituents, which was examined by the TLC results—there were 3 developed spots of the second fraction sample on the TLC plate. As for the third fraction, there was no clear band in the column while adding the last eluent. The concentration of the compound in third fraction was relatively small, resulting in a very small Rf value, 0.017. Compared with the spots of the second fraction sample, which had a much clearer spot with similar Rf value, 0.839, the compound in the third fraction must existed in a large amount in the second fraction. In addition, these 2 spots had the same light green color, which can also examine this conclusion. The lower concentration can also due to the unsatisfying spotting. The diameter of the undeveloped spot in the third fraction was larger than the first and second one, because too much solvent was used. Also, multiple times of spotting was needed. Observing the spots color, the clearest spot in the second fraction had a more intense green color, which showed that the compound in this fraction should be Chlorophyll a. While the major compound in the third fraction should be Chlorophyll a, with a lighter color and lower Rf value. The ideal solvent system should result in Rf values ranging from 0.24 to 0.54. However, in this experiment, none of the Rf value was in this range. Therefore, the polarity gradient of the eluents should be narrowed, which can result in more spots in the ideal range. Since there were 3 spots in the second fraction sample, over 4 eluents are needed to give a better separation, assuming the spot with lowest Rf value in the second fraction had the same compound as the spot in the third fraction sample.

Surgical placement in a local hospital

Surgical placement in a local hospital This is a reflective essay based on my own experiences, whilst on my five week surgical placement in a local hospital. The aim of this essay is to explore the use of communication and interpersonal skills in clinical practice. I have chosen this particular incident as I spent a considerable amount of time communicating verbally and non verbally with this particular patient. To protect the identity and maintain confidentiality of the patient I have chosen to discuss, they shall be known as John. This is in accordance with the NMC code of professional conduct (NMC, 2008). To assist me in the process of reflection I am using Gibbs (1988) reflective model. This cycle provides a description of the event, feelings towards the outcome, an evaluation, analysis, conclusion and an action plan. Jasper (2003) suggests that reflection is one of the key ways we can learn from our experiences. There are numerous reasons why reflection is important to nurses. Through reflection we can learn more abo ut our role and the elements that limit our abilities; this allows the opportunity to improve the way we care (Ghaye Lillyman, 2001). John was a 74 year old man admitted onto the ward from the emergency department, two days previous to me starting my first late shift of that week. He had been suffering from retention of urine, and was in considerable pain. My mentor and I were informed during handover that we would be looking after John on this particular shift. We were asked to change the dressing on his right leg. It had become ulcerated due to suffering from a condition known as Peripheral Vascular Disease (Alexander, Fawcett Runciman, 2004). As a result of this disease the patient had undergone amputation of the left leg below the knee some years ago, resulting in him becoming immobilised and requiring the use of a wheelchair. It became clear during the handover that Johns behaviour had become very difficult over the last couple of days. The nurse in charge went on to describe the nature of his behaviour including; that he had thrown items across his room, was constantly pressing his nurse call button, was sho uting all day and he had also refused to have a wash and change his pyjamas. As we left the room where the handover had taken place, my mentor suggested that we should change Johns dressing now, but firstly we should get him washed and changed with my assistance. I knocked on his door and introduced myself as a student nurse. I proceeded to ask John for his consent in order for me to assist him in having a wash and change of clothing (NMC, 2008). John was sat on his bed and appeared to be quite tense. He looked up at me and shouted no, I want to see a doctor and I havent had a cigarette for two days. I explained that I was here to assist in changing the dressing on his leg and to help him to have a wash and change. I moved closer towards his bed and lowered myself to his eye level. I then began to engage in conversation with him by maintaining a soft tone of voice and asking him if he would like a cup of tea after we had finished. His body language softened and he looked up and smil ed, he said I would love one. I smiled back at John, I then repeated the question of assisting him with having a wash and change, whilst maintaining a relaxed posture and eye contact. John gave me his consent and I proceeded to assist him in maintaining his personal hygiene with respect and dignity (NMC, 2008). With Johns co-operation my mentor and I were then able to go on and change the dressing on his leg. Through this learning experience I encountered a combination of feelings towards the situation. From the initial handover, the staff nurse in charge did not paint a positive picture of John. I wondered why this particular patient was so aggressive and demanding and the staff described him as being difficult. I felt anxious, as this was my first placement as a first year student and I did not feel experienced enough to deal with the situation. During my encounter with John it became clear why he would feel so angry and frustrated. I noticed he didnt have a wheelchair in his room, and it became apparent that he was a smoker. He also hadnt been given any nicotine replacement therapy to help him cope with his withdrawal symptoms. When the full extent of Johns situation became clear to me, I felt immense frustration for him. According to the NMC Code of Professional Conduct (2008), nurses should treat patients with respect and maintain their dignity. With John not having a wheelchair, he was confined to his bed and therefore had lost his autonomy. The situation also made me very angry, reflecting back I feel I should have been more assertive and maybe questioned why Johns requests had been ignored by the staff. It was unfortunate that the professional staff had acted the way that they did; overlooking how angry and frustrated John had become and failing to act upon it. The nurses compassion and communication skills seemed to be very much lacking; not listening to his requests and showing no feeling towards him. This breakdown in communication in the nurse patient relationship with john, left him feeling frustrated and not in control of his own wellbeing (Garnham, 2001). At first, I could not see any good points in this situation; however looking back I can see that it did have its positive side, in as much as allowing me to examine myself and to search for my short fallings in relation to the incident. The incident has also given me the opportunity to link theory to practice. The way I communicated with John had a positive outcome for both of us in that his personal hygiene needs were met and I learnt that effective communication is essential in building a trusting bond between the patient and the nurse (Almond Yardley, 2009). The bad points of this experience were that I judged John based on the information I received during the initial handover without having met him first. This could have created a barrier between the patient and I. Accepting a patient as a unique individual and without judgment is very important in the communication process. I have learnt from this experience that as nurses we should respect a patients beliefs and values and we should not let our own beliefs and values affect our decision making in patient care (Rogers, 1957). I also feel that I should have been more assertive when it came to the way John was being treated by the staff. As a first year student I did not feel comfortable questioning the way a professional staff nurse carried out her nursing care. However, from this experience I will question bad practice in future, as the NMC (2008) states that I am personally accountable for my actions and omissions in my practice and that I must always be able to justify my decisions. According to Maxim Bryan (1995 cited in Briggs, 2006), Communication is the process of conveying information between two or more people. Communication is essential in building relationships with patients and gaining trust. In the NHS, the majority of the complaints brought against them were for poor communication from healthcare staff (Pincock, 2004). To highlight how important communication is in the nursing profession, the NMC identified it as being an essential skill and only if a student is competent in this skill can they then go on and register as a nurse (NMC, 2007). In order to communicate with John the situation required the use of interpersonal skills, known as non verbal and verbal communication. Non verbal communication is described by (Dougherty Lister, 2008 p.62) as being information transmitted without speaking. Johns body language indicated that he was tense and anxious, therefore approaching him with empathy ensured that he was being understood and that his participation in communication was valued (Peate Offredy, 2006). Given the history of Johns aggressive outbursts it was necessary to consider the proxemics in the situation. It is recommended that keeping within a distance of 4 to 12 feet away from a person is less intimidating for them (Egan, 2002). In order to engage in conversation with John, Egans (2002) acronym SOLER was used. This is a process of using body language to actively listen to a person. By sitting squarely towards John, having an open posture, leaning in towards him, maintaining eye contact and a relaxed posture, t his in turn encouraged him to relax and feel less intimidated, therefore able to talk more openly (Dougherty Lister, 2008). Verbal communication with John was enhanced by the use of facial expression and paraverbal communication. According to (Delaune Ladner, 2002, p195) Facial expressions give clues that support, contradict or disguise the verbal message, therefore the use of a smile when approaching John indicated warmth and friendliness. This was assisted further by the use of paracommunication; these are the cues that accompany verbal language. These include tone, pitch, speed and volume of the person speaking; therefore communicating with John using a soft tone of voice added further meaning to the spoken words (Delaune Ladner, 2002). The barriers in communication during this incident were Johns aggressiveness. This could have been due to the withdrawal from cigarettes, as according to Bruce (2008) irritability is a symptom of nicotine withdrawal. If a patient is unable to smoke in hospital then nicotine replacement therapy should be introduced and the patient should be treated like any other dependant. Bruce (2008) states that Withdrawal from nicotine needs to be recognised and treated appropriately in the acute hospital; it will often be the ward nurses who are relied upon to recognise the symptoms. These symptoms were overlooked by the staff and to add to his frustration he had no means of mobility in order to allow him to leave the ward for a cigarette. This may account for his outbursts of anger. Peplau (2004) suggests that when there is an obstacle or obstruction preventing a person from achieving their goals this may lead to frustration which in turn often leads to anger. Using Gibbss reflective cycle has assisted me in analysing the situation and to put things into perspective, recognising how I can put this learning experience to positive use in my future practice as a nursing professional. If this situation were to arise again I know I would now have the courage to question the nurses attitude at an earlier stage pointing out that bad practice by anyone is not acceptable. From this experience I have learnt that I need to be more assertive and if I feel the needs of a patient are not being met, my first consideration should be to protect the interests and safety of patients, in line with the NMC (2008) Code of Professional Conduct. This reflection has highlighted the need to increase my knowledge and understanding of the process of communicating with patients from different cultural backgrounds, I will address these issues by, listening and learning from the qualified staff and by reading relevant literature. In conclusion it can be seen that the nurse has a very important role in communicating with patients throughout their treatment. When a patient is admitted to hospital, assessments should be made based on the activities of daily living, (Roper, Logan Tierney, 2000). Johns assessment not only should have identified the level of care required, it should also have established his normal routine and the fact that he was a smoker and also required a wheelchair for mobility. If Johns needs had been assessed correctly the breakdown in the relationship between John and the professional staff could have been prevented. Overall, through this reflection I have learnt that communication is an essential skill that requires as much practice and consideration as any other aspect of nursing. References Alexander, M., Fawcett, N. Runciman. P, (1994) Nursing Practice Hospital and Home The Adult London: Churchill Livingstone. Almond, P. Yardley, J. (2009) An Introduction to Communication. Chapter 1 IN Childs, L., Coles, L., Marjoram, B. (Eds.) (2009) Essential Skills Clusters for Nurses Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Briggs, D. (2005) Communication and Interpersonal Skills in Nursing. Chapter 4 IN Peate, I. (2005) Compendium of Clinical Skills for Student Nurses London: John Wiley Sons Ltd. Bruce, G. (2008) Smoking Cessation in Hospital London: Nursing Times. [Online] last accessed 18th November 2009 at http://www.nursingtimes.net/nursing-practice-clinical-research/smoking-cessation-in-hospital/1646376.article. Delaune, S. Ladner, P. (2002) Fundamentals of Nursing: Standards Practice (2nd Edition) Albany: NY Thomson Delmar Learning. Dougherty, L. Lister, S. (2008) The Royal Marsden Manual of Clinical Nursing Procedures (7th Edition) Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Egan, G. (2002) The Skilled Helper: A problem management approach to helping (7th Edition) California: Brooks / Cole. Garnham, P. (2001) Understanding and dealing with anger, aggression Nursing Standard Vol. 16, No. 6, pp 37-42. Ghaye, T. Lillyman, S. (2001) Reflection: Principles and Practice for Healthcare Professionals. Wiltshire: Mark Allen Publishing ltd. Gibbs, G. (1988) Learning by Doing: A Guide to Learning and Teaching Methods Oxford: Further Education Unit, Oxford Polytechnic. Jasper, M. (2003) Foundations in Nursing and Health Care: Beginning Reflective Practice Oxford: Nelson Thornes. Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2007) Essential Skills Cluster for Pre- Registration Nursing Programmes. Annex 2 to NMC Circular 07/2007, [Online] Last accessed 1st December 2009 at http://www.nmc-uk.org/aFrameDisplay.aspx?DocumentID=2690. Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2008) The NMC Code of Professional Conduct: Standards for Conduct, Performance and Ethics London: NMC. Peate, I. Offredy, M. (2006) Becoming a Nurse in the 21st Century Chichester: John Wiley Sons Ltd. Peplau, H.E. (2004) Interpersonal Relations in Nursing New York: Springer Publishing Company. Pincock, S. (2004) Poor communication lies at the heart of NHS complaints, says ombudsman British Medical Journal January Vol. 328, No. 7430, p10. Rogers, C. R. (1957) The Necessary and Sufficient Conditions of Theraputic Personality Change Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology Vol. 60, No. 6, pp 827-832. Roper, N., Logan, W. Tierney, A. J. (2000) The Roper Logan and Tierney Model of Nursing London: Churchill Livingstone.

Purple Hibiscus by Chidimanmanda Ngozi Adichie Essay -- nigeria, violen

Chidimanmanda Ngozi Adichie is a Nigerian author, her first ever novel Purple Hibiscus was criticised for addressing the important issues of postcolonial studies such as violence against women and brutal feminism. Alice Walker is an American author as well as a poet, her bestselling novel The Colour Purple was firmly criticised on showing the severity of feminist injustice Feminism is a movement defining the equality and rights for women. Feminism opens potential meaning in these novels as it creates a gateway for the females who are victimised to speak up and to portray their feelings and situations which arise in the novels for the women to vindicate themselves and earn their freedom from the men that surround them. Points such as male domination, marital status and infidelity, the occupations of a woman and redemption and empowerment will help to convey the important meanings through female criticisms in the novels. Walker’s novel The Colour Purple deals with male dominance as a norm in the country. She exposes the act of sexual aggression as being the main form of male domination. The character of Celie is a perfect example of this point. She is shown in the novel as a weak. She does everything the men surrounding her tell her to do therefore she is taken advantage of many times. She deals with bullying and domination in her family, her Pa rapes her twice when she is only fourteen years old. Alphonso beats and rapes her then later on decides to sell her to Mr._ without any acknowledgement of Celie’s feelings. Celie deals with rape with her husband also who sees her as an object to take care of their household and please him. Celie is too afraid to stand up for herself as she thinks fighting back will be the death of her.... ...2003, Purple Hibiscus, Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Walker AW, 2004, The Colour Purple, Phoenix an imprint of Orion Books Ltd, Orion House, London. Websites: http://279askt.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/feminist-analysis.html cited 19/11/2013 http://www.litnotes.co.uk/color.htm cited 19/11/2013 http://www.gradesaver.com/the-color-purple/study-guide/major-themes/ cited 5/12/2013 http://phsapenglish.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=summerreading&action=display&thread=61 cited 5/12/2013 https://blogs.stockton.edu/postcolonialstudies/purple-hibiscus-a-feminist-reading/ cited 19/11/2013 https://blogs.stockton.edu/postcolonialstudies/purple-hibiscus-a-feminist-reading/aunty-ifeoma-and-beatrice-diverging-paradigms-of-postcolonial-feminism/ cited 22/11/2013 http://afrrevjo.net/journals/multidiscipline/Vol_5_num_3_art_20_Fwangyil.pdf cited 5/12/2013

Confidentiality and Informed Consent

In the article by Martindale, Chambers, and Thompson, we learn that Informed consent and confidentiality. A person should be informed of their right to confidentiality and the treatment they are consenting to in the therapeutic relationship. This study Is significantly Important because we are shown that there has been not very much previous research done on how well we manage consent, how Informed the patient Is, how honest they are, and what they actually know about the policies of the provider. Professionals in many settings create and utilize very ifferent techniques of informed consent and confidentiality.In professions where professionals constantly see people who are troubled. who see the everlasting devastation of grief, pain, and the disparities of people in situations that they cant change, it can be very taxing and wearing on even the most seasoned professional person, but do we actually communicate well to the patient that they have rights? In the article, we see that so many patients are so desperate to receive care that they Instantly Just â€Å"sign papers† so that the can see the psychologist.If a patient Is that esperate, how do we know that mental health professionals are performing to their maximum standards of Informing the patient about their care standards and things like who has the appropriate access to their medical information? We, as counseling psychology graduate students and professionals alike, have a strong moral and ethical responsibility to ourselves, our colleagues. and our clients to make sure that we provide appropriate documentation, informing the patients clearly of their rights and responsibilities, so that we do not potentially negatively affect the lives of other eople.In the article by Martindale, Chambers, and Thompson, In the four themes that emerge, â€Å"being referred; the participant's feelings, mental health difficulties, and their Impact; relationships with workers and carers; and autonomy (Martindale et al, p. 355)†, we see that many clients have concerns about continuing care. I think the most difficult and problematic Issue to handle there Is the patient's mental health and stability. In chapter 5 of the textbook, the ACA Code of Ethics, Section 8. 5. on informed consent states: â€Å"Responsibility to Clients.When counseling minor clients or adult clients who lack the capacity to give voluntary, Informed consent, counselors protect he confidentiality of information received in the counseling relationship as specified by federal and state laws, written policies, and applicable ethical standards. (Welfel, 2012, p. 142)†. It is the professional responsibility of the provider to be aware that the client has good mental standing to be able to know their rights. However, how dowe know upon first seeing the client that they are In a good mental standing to be completely informed? This puts providers in a tough situation.What happens to the clients they counsel who never k now of their consent rights and their confidentiality? How can we test for that if it we have no idea if the client is being honest with us? How do we know the frequency of occurrence? How do we know It Is not happening all the time? That Is why It is absolutely imperative to have open and t Of2 nonest communlcatlons wlt n tne cllent as oTten as posslDle. As graduate students, It is important for us to foster a supportive working relationship with our advisor, so hat we are absolutely sure the client is informed about what comes next in their therapy process.What if clients are too scared to ask how many sessions they have left? What if they are a â€Å"yes† person and can't say no to more or less treatment options? What if they have concerns but are too scared to ask about what is upcoming? I have personally seen a therapist who, after every session, had me fill out a questionnaire about my ability to see things clearly in the session; if I understood what my objectives were , if I understood her clearly, and if there was anything I was ersonally hesitant to share or anything that bothered me about our last session.This was extremely problematic for me because I always answered â€Å"no problems with last session† for fear that I would disappoint my provider or that she would then bring up the issue that I had experienced a problem with. I always felt uncomfortable, but continued to answer the questionnaires and continue care anyway because I needed it. In Martindale, Chambers, and Thompson's article, there are some limitations to the study. Primarily collected data were from mainly white omen.There seemed to be no measure of marginalized communities, under represented populations, or any data from the people who seem to struggle the most: people needing critical care. How would ethnic minorities respond to a provider who may not understand their cultural differences? How do we make sure those people are being informed appropriately? What about m arginalized communities who are in crisis and need care? How do we handle special situations appropriately? What about people who can't consent to appropriate care guidelines?

3 Basic Beliefs and Integrity Walmart Essay

Walmart was founded on three basic beliefs: service to our customers, respect for the individual and striving for excellence. Our adherence to these principles has created a unique work culture at Walmart. No matter where you go — to any of our stores and offices in any of our brands around the world — our associates live these values. * Service to our customers * Respect for the individual * Striving for excellence A Foundation of Integrity Our basic beliefs are built on a foundation of integrity — our values of honesty, fairness and objectivity guide how we apply these beliefs to the workplace. In other words, we strive to: * Be honest by telling the truth and keeping our word. * Be fair by using our business influence appropriately and creating an open environment for raising questions and concerns. * Be objective by making decisions based on Walmart’s interests, rather than personal interests, and by avoiding even the appearance of impropriety. 1. Service to Our Customers Every associate — from our CEO to our hourly associates in local stores — is reminded daily that our customers are why we’re here. We do our best every day to provide the greatest possible level of service to everyone we come in contact with. But what do we mean by service to our customers? * We serve our customers by making them our first priority. * We support our associates so they can best serve our customers. * We give to the local community in ways that connect to our customers. 2. Respect for the Individual From Walmart’s earliest days as a small discount store, we have emphasized the importance of respect for every associate, every customer and every member of the community. But how do we show respect for the individual? * We value and recognize the contributions of every associate. * We own what we do with a sense of urgency, and empower each other to do the same. * We communicate by listening to all associates and sharing ideas and information. 3. Striving for Excellence The key to our success is constantly looking for ways to improve ourselves and improve our business. We strive to lead not just our industry, but also each other to the next level of success. But how do we strive for excellence? * We innovate by trying new ways of doing things and improving every day. * We model a positive example as we pursue high expectations. * We work as a team by helping each other and asking for help. Business Model Value proposition Walmart’s value proposition is based on offering Everyday Low Price (EDLP). This is the core of Walmart’s Business Model, and the rest of the key features of Walmart’s Business Model are aligned to keep the everyday low price. This proposition implies that the customers do not need to wait for sales to have the best deal possible (Manning et al., 1998). Besides, not only the sells convenience is associated by providing the wide range of products and services to choose from, but also with one-stop is possible to make all the shopping needed, from groceries to pharmacy (Basker, 2007). Walmart’ customers save time and money. Distribution channel To deliver its value proposition Walmart communicates with and reaches its customer segments with its distribution channels which are owned and direct, and brings higher margin. Walmart also is corresponding with its customers mainly through mass media and other ways which have a low cost, such as internet. Customer relationships & Customer segment Walmart establishes a customer relationship is based on self-service and automated and towards co-creation of some products once it is possible. Walmart tends to reach to the mass market toward mass customisation. Walmart’s customers can be divided into three groups: â€Å"brand aspirations†, people with low incomes who are obsessed with brand; â€Å"price-sensitive effluents† wealthier shoppers who love deals; and finally â€Å"value-price shoppers† who like low prices and cannot afford much more (Barbaro, 2007). Key activities The key activities which are needed to run Walmart’s business model are: ï‚ · Purchasing goods ï‚ · Their delivery ï‚ · Total cost control Other activities would be to create products that will cover needs of a specific customer segment and to control the brand, which has been developing lately. Walmart’s technological edge is in its inventory control, logistics, and distribution (Basker, 2007). The ability to move products place to place quickly and efficiently keeps the costs down as well as the time system in combination with logistics force permits Walmart to have accurate time information of the products in the stores shelves that allows restocking automatically (Tierney, 2004). In addition the logistics involves the suppliers and workforce of 85000 employees, 147 far reaching distribution centers, transportation offices, more than 100.000 tractors and trailers and 8.000 drivers (Walmart logistics facts sheet). Key resources The key resources of Walmart classified in 3 categories. First, the physical resources which are owned by it like stores and logistics. Second its human resources, experienced managers and stores managers, and finally the company culture. Walmart culture is based on restless effort at constant self-improvement, discipline and loyalty (Fishman, 2006). Key partnership Key partnership is a strong buyer-supplier relationship in which suppliers were considered as close partners of Walmart. They also are part of the value chain of each other and it provides suppliers the chance of accessing to a large market. However it made suppliers, who wish to take advantages of its broad market, to keep their prices and costs low and therefore, suppliers give the control of their own business and negotiation advantage to Walmart (Parnell and Lester, 2008). Walmart also creates economies of scale that optimizes its cost structure. Revenue stream Walmart Revenue Streams that generated from its customer segments are basically come from retail sale, such as music downloading with fixed menu pricing. Walmart also drive revenue from selling its own brand, produces by others to cover a segment not cover by other suppliers. Moreover, it takes advantage of selling goods before paying to its suppliers. Cost structure The Cost structure is cost-driven model since it is focused on minimizing costs wherever it is possible and it is characterized by economies of scale. The expansion of Walmart allowed it to benefit from economies of scale and reducing its cost besides its technology let it to grow and caused to lower its costs; hence, economies of scale at both the chain levels and stores strengthen Walmart’s advantage, rather than being its root cause (Basker, 2007). Walmart’s financial discipline is well known as well as their tendency to pass operating costs to suppliers.